Ischemia
|
Myocardial infarct
|
Permanent left coronary artery occlusion
|
LVEDD ↑, LVESD ↑, FS ↓, LV systolic pressure ↓, dP/dtmax ↓, dP/dtmin
↑
|
1. Model does not reflect the clinical setting with reperfusion of the
occluded vessel during coronary angiography performed after an acute MI.
2. Expense of equipment for
cardiovascular physiology
assessment.
|
Mouse
|
(Gao et al., 2000)
|
|
|
|
LV systolic function ↓, LVEDV ↑, PRA ↑, arginine vasopressin ↑,
atrial natriuretic factor ↑ |
|
Rat |
(Francis, Weiss, Wei, Johnson, &
Felder, 2001) |
|
|
Permanent coronary occlusion in the left anterior descending coronary
artery (LAD) or left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) by acute ligation,
or thrombogenic coil, hydraulic occluder and ameroid constrictor
placement.
|
LVEF ↓, MAP ↓, LVSP ↓, LVEDP ↑
|
|
Dog
|
(Schneider et al., 1985)
(Ferrarini et al., 2006)
|
|
|
|
LVEF ↓, LV volumes ↑, BNP,
NT-proBNP and cGMP ↑ |
|
Sheep |
(Charles, Elliott, Nicholls, Rademaker,
& Richards, 2003) |
|
|
|
LV weight ↑, LV end-diastolic area ↑, EF ↓, Endogenous protein
kinase A ↓, SERCA2a↓, TnI ↓, Ca2+ sensitivity of force (pCa50) ↑ |
|
Pig |
(Van der Velden et al., 2004) |
|
Ischemia-reperfusion |
LAD occlusion for 30-60 min followed by
reperfusion allowing flow through the previously occluded coronary
artery bed. |
LVIDd↑, LVIDs ↓, EF ↓, FS ↓, HR ↓, LVESP ↓, LVESV↑, LVEDV
↑, SV ↓, CO ↓, +dP/dtmax ↓, −dP/dtmin ↑, SBP ↓, HW ↑, HW/BW ↑ |
1.
Surgery is time consuming and complex than placement of permanent LAD
ligation |
Mouse |
(Reitz et al., 2019) |
|
|
|
LVSP↓, LVEDP ↑, +dP/dtmax ↓, −dP/dtmax ↓ |
|
Rat |
(Y. Zhang et
al., 2011) |
|
|
LAD or LCx occlusion/reperfusion by
PTCA balloon
|
LV end-diastolic pressure ↑, LV end-systolic elastance ↓, NT-proBNP
level ↑
|
|
Dog
|
(Saku et al., 2018)
|
|
|
|
Creatine kinase ↑, Troponin-T ↑, EF ↓, FS ↓ |
|
Sheep |
(CHARLES
et al., 2000) |
|
|
|
EF ↓, LV +dp/dt ↓, LVEDD ↑, LV hypertrophy HW/BW ↑ |
|
Pig |
(Pleger et al., 2011) |
|
Coronary microembolization
|
Repeated injecting glass or polystyrene microspheres into the LAD or LCx
coronary artery
|
LVEDP ↑, EF ↓, LVEDP ↑, Cardiac output ↓, peak LV +dP/dt ↑, peak LV
-dP/dt ↑, pulmonary artery wedge pressure ↑, systemic vascular
resistance ↑, Plasma norepinephrine ↑, Plasma levels of atria1
natriuretic factor ↑
|
1. This approach requires an intracoronary injection technique, which is
usually performed under the anesthesia of a special catheter inserted
into a specific area or implanted into a coronary artery for a long
time.
2. It is difficult to find a consistent protocol for the number of
injections and the amount of microembolization.
3. this model is not easy to be repeated by most laboratories.
|
Dog
|
(Franciosa et al., 1980)
(Sabbah et al., 1991)
|
|
|
|
EF↓, end-systolic elastance ↑, LVEDV ↑, myocyte nuclear density ↑,
myocyte diameter ↑, LVESV ↑
|
|
Sheep
|
(Huang et al., 1997)
(Ikeda et al., 2001)
|
|
|
|
EF↓, Body weight ↑;EDV ↑, ESV ↑, SV ↑, Left atrium ↑,
dP/dtmin ↑
|
|
Pig
|
(Carlsson, Wilson, Martin, & Saeed, 2009)
(Ishikawa et al., 2014)
|
Hypertension |
Transgenic lines |
Spontaneously hypertensive rat |
myocardial fibrosis ↑; passive stiffness↑, LV collagen concentration↑,
contractile function↓ |
1. Limitations of small animal species in terms
of comprehensive physiological measurement |
Rat |
(Conrad et al.,
1995) |
|
|
Spontaneously hypertensive HF rat |
RWT ↓, LVEDV ↑, LVESV ↑, LVAd ↑,
LVAs ↑, EF ↓, FS ↓, E-vel ↑, A-vel ↓, IR ↓, LVLd ↑, LVM ↑, LVIDd ↑,
LVIDs ↑, SV ↑ |
|
Rat |
(Heyen et al., 2002) |
|
|
Dahl-salt-sensitive rat |
SWT ↑, LVEDP ↑, LVESD ↑, EF ↓, FS ↓, ESV
↓, Tau↑ |
|
Rat |
(Klotz et al., 2006) |
|
Renal artery stenosis |
Goldblatt Hypertension method, including
Two-kidney, one clip [2K1C] and one-kidney, one clip [1K1C]
hypertension |
Systolic blood pressure ↑, HW/BW ↑, LVDd ↓, LVPWd ↑, LVM
↑, LVM/BW ↑, Ea/Aa, E/Ea ↑, dp/dtmin ↑, Tau ↑ |
1.
Unspecific side effects on organ systems, especially kidney. |
Rat |
(Junhong et al., 2008) |
|
|
Page model, which can be produced by wrapping one or both kidneys in
cellophane |
SBP ↑, DBP ↑, MAP ↑, arterial BPs↑,
PP ↑, LVM/BW ↑, Fibrosis ↑, Tau ↑,
End-systolic LV stiffness↑ |
|
Dog |
(Munagala et al.,
2005) |
DCM
|
Chemical induced
|
Intracoronary adriamycin or
isoprenaline
|
AWT ↑, PWT ↑, LVEDD ↑, LVESD ↑, LVM/BW ↑, FS ↓, PAV ↓, VCDc ↓, SBP ↓,
MABP ↓, LVEDP ↑, +dP/dtmax ↓, -dP/dtmin ↑
|
1. Variability of response to chemicals, the degree of LV dysfunction
2. animal mortality caused by arrhythmia, and engenders several systemic
side effects, such as bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal
discomfort.
|
Mouse
|
(Oudit et al., 2003)
|
|
|
|
LVEDP ↑, volume indexes ↑, global diastolic wall stress ↑ |
|
Rat |
(Teerlink, Pfeffer, & Pfeffer, 1994) |
|
|
|
EF ↓, LVEED ↑, LVESD ↑, LVESV ↑, E septal point ↑, Aprtic velocity
↓, IVRT ↑ |
|
Dog |
(Monnet & Orton, 1999) |
|
|
|
SF, LVEDD ↑, LVESD ↑, SEV ↓, SMVG ↓, systolic epicardial velocity
↓ |
|
sheep |
(Borenstein et al., 2006) |
|
|
|
EF ↓, SVI ↓, LVSWI ↓, RVSWI ↓, RVSWI ↓, LVVd ↑, LVVs ↑, MMP level
↑ |
|
Pig |
(Goetzenich et al., 2009) |
|
Rapid ventricular pacing |
Transvenously place a ventricular pacing
lead in the apex of the right ventricle |
CO, HR ↑, SV ↓, Systolic LVP
↓, LVEDP ↑, LVdP/dtmax ↓, LVdP/dtmin ↑,
Tau ↑, Mean AoP ↓, Mean CVP ↑, Mean PCWP ↑, Mean PAP ↑, VED ↑, VES ↑,
EF, MR ↑, TR ↑, ESWS ↑, EDWS ↑ |
1. The cardiovascular hemodynamics and
biochemical alterations would progressively revert to near baseline
levels after pacing stopped. |
Dog |
(Takagaki et al.,
2002) |
|
|
|
LV Area ↑, FS ↓, EF ↓, LV Free Wall ↓, MR ↑, LVEDP ↑, CO ↓, +
dP/dtmax ↓, - dP/dtmax ↓ |
|
Sheep |
(Byrne et al.,
2002) |
|
|
|
HR ↑, MAP, LVEDD ↑, FS ↓, Vcfc ↓, LV peak wall stress ↑, PCWP ↑,
PAP ↑, CO ↓ |
|
Pig |
(Spinale et al., 1997) |
|
Transgenic lines |
MLP-deficient mice |
LVDD ↑, LVSD ↑, FS ↓,
LVDD/LVPWT ↑ |
1. Limitations of small animal species in terms of
comprehensive physiological measurement |
Mouse |
(Yamamoto et al.,
2007) |
|
|
CSQ mice |
LVEDD ↑, LVESD ↑, FS ↓, mVcfc ↓, HW/BW ↑, LVW/BW ↑, HW/TL
↑, HR, LV dP/dtmax ↓, LV dP/dtmin ↑, LVSP ↓ |
|
Mouse |
(Cho et al.,
1999) |
Valve disease
|
Aortic stenosis
|
Several surgical techniques, including a minimally invasive approach by
making a small incision in the proximal sternum, and placement of
surgical clips, sutures, or O-rings to prevent blood flow through the
aortic arch
|
EF ↓, LVEDV ↑, LVEDD ↑
|
1. Inability to easily induce slowly progressive stress overload
2. long duration of the experimental protocol, variability in the
individual response to stress overload, and a reduction in the high
proportion of constriction due to internalization of the contractile
knot.
3. High mortality
|
Mouse
|
(Li et al., 2012)
|
|
|
|
LVSP ↑, LVEDP ↑, LVSWS ↑, LVDWS ↑,PWD, PWS ↑,LVDD ↑, LVSD ↑, LVM
↑, RWT ↑ |
|
Rat |
(Litwin et al., 1995) |
|
|
|
LVEDP ↑, LVEDV ↑, EF ↓ |
|
Dog |
(Tagawa et al.,
1998) |
|
|
|
LVMI ↑, LVIDd ↑, FS ↓ |
|
Sheep |
(Moorjani et al.,
2006) |
|
|
|
LVW ↑, RVW ↑, LVW/BW ↑, RVW/BW ↑, LVEDP ↑, Myocardial PCr/ATP
Ratio↓ |
1. Complex surgical method and equipment necessary for
open-chest microsurgery. |
Pig |
(Ye et al., 2001) |
|
Mitral regurgitation |
Chordae tendineae cutting |
HR ↑, Aortic
systolic pressure, Forward stroke volume, EDV ↑, Ees ↓,
Ees mass↓, Kess ↓, |
1. High mortality
and complication rates |
Dog |
(Spinale et al., 1993) |
|
|
|
LV pressure ↓, +dP/dt ↓, LVEDV ↓, Ees ↓, PRSW↓ |
|
Sheep |
(Nielsen et al., 2003) |
|
|
Inserted a fine needle into LV through the apex of LV, followed by
pushing a needle into the mitral valve to puncture and/or tear the
mitral leaflets to form MR. |
EF ↓, EDD ↑, SWT ↓, PWT ↓ |
1. Represent
limited pathology features of MR in human |
Rat |
(Kim et al.,
2012) |