REFERENCES
1. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group et al.The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 329 , 977–986 (1993).
2. Seaquist, E. R. et al. Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society. Diabetes Care 36 , 1384–1395 (2013).
3. American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care 41 , S55–S64 (2018).
4. Graveling, A. J. & Frier, B. M. Impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia: a review. Diabetes Metab. 36 Suppl 3 , S64-74 (2010).
5. Martín-Timón, I. & Del Cañizo-Gómez, F. J. Mechanisms of hypoglycemia unawareness and implications in diabetic patients.World J. Diabetes 6 , 912–926 (2015).
6. Gold, A. E., MacLeod, K. M. & Frier, B. M. Frequency of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type I diabetes with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 17 , 697–703 (1994).
7. Geddes, J., Wright, R. J., Zammitt, N. N., Deary, I. J. & Frier, B. M. An evaluation of methods of assessing impaired awareness of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30 , 1868–1870 (2007).
8. Clarke, W. L. et al. Reduced awareness of hypoglycemia in adults with IDDM. A prospective study of hypoglycemic frequency and associated symptoms. Diabetes Care 18 , 517–522 (1995).
9. Yeoh, E., Choudhary, P., Nwokolo, M., Ayis, S. & Amiel, S. A. Interventions That Restore Awareness of Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Diabetes Care38 , 1592–1609 (2015).
10. Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., Agerholm-Larsen, B., Pramming, S., Hougaard, P. & Thorsteinsson, B. Activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme and risk of severe hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Lancet Lond. Engl. 357 , 1248–1253 (2001).
11. Ryan, E. A. et al. Assessment of the severity of hypoglycemia and glycemic lability in type 1 diabetic subjects undergoing islet transplantation. Diabetes 53 , 955–962 (2004).
12. Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., Pramming, S. & Thorsteinsson, B. Recall of severe hypoglycaemia and self-estimated state of awareness in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 19 , 232–240 (2003).
13. International Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Glucose Concentrations of Less Than 3.0 mmol/L (54 mg/dL) Should Be Reported in Clinical Trials: A Joint Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care40 , 155–157 (2017).
14. Geddes, J., Schopman, J. E., Zammitt, N. N. & Frier, B. M. Prevalence of impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet. Med. J. Br. Diabet. Assoc. 25 , 501–504 (2008).
15. Choudhary, P. et al. Frequency of biochemical hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes with and without impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia: no identifiable differences using continuous glucose monitoring. Diabet. Med. J. Br. Diabet. Assoc. 27 , 666–672 (2010).
16. Kahkoska, A. R. & Buse, J. B. Primum Non Nocere: Refocusing Our Attention on Severe Hypoglycemia Prevention. Diabetes Care41 , 1557–1559 (2018).
17. Pedersen-Bjergaard, U. et al. Severe hypoglycaemia in 1076 adult patients with type 1 diabetes: influence of risk markers and selection. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 20 , 479–486 (2004).
18. Zhu, L. et al. A study to evaluate the prevalence of impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in adults with type 2 diabetes in outpatient clinic in a tertiary care centre in Singapore. Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab. 8 , 69–74 (2017).
19. Pedersen-Bjergaard, U. et al. Severe hypoglycaemia in 1076 adult patients with type 1 diabetes: influence of risk markers and selection. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 20 , 479–486 (2004).
20. Lee, A. K. et al. Risk Factors for Severe Hypoglycemia in Black and White Adults With Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Diabetes Care 40 , 1661–1667 (2017).
21. Matsuhisa, M. & Kuroda, A. New risk factors of severe hypoglycemia.J. Diabetes Investig. 10 , 219–220 (2019).
22. Lin, Y. K. et al. Associations Between the Time in Hypoglycemia and Hypoglycemia Awareness Status in Type 1 Diabetes Patients Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 22 , 787–793 (2020).
23. Cryer, P. E. Mechanisms of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 369 , 362–372 (2013).
24. Choudhary, P. et al. Evidence-informed clinical practice recommendations for treatment of type 1 diabetes complicated by problematic hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 38 , 1016–1029 (2015).
25. Hatle, H. et al. Assessing awareness of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Evaluation of established questionnaires. Pediatr. Diabetes 21 , 300–309 (2020).
26. Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, Yale, J.-F., Paty, B. & Senior, P. A. Hypoglycemia. Can. J. Diabetes42 Suppl 1 , S104–S108 (2018).
27. Hermanns, N., Kulzer, B., Kubiak, T., Krichbaum, M. & Haak, T. The effect of an education programme (HyPOS) to treat hypoglycaemia problems in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev.23 , 528–538 (2007).
28. Hermanns, N., Kulzer, B., Krichbaum, M., Kubiak, T. & Haak, T. Long-term effect of an education program (HyPOS) on the incidence of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 33 , e36 (2010).
29. Cox, D. J. et al. Hypoglycemia anticipation, awareness and treatment training (HAATT) reduces occurrence of severe hypoglycemia among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Behav. Med.11 , 212–218 (2004).
30. de Zoysa, N. et al. A psychoeducational program to restore hypoglycemia awareness: the DAFNE-HART pilot study. Diabetes Care37 , 863–866 (2014).
31. Little, S. A. et al. Recovery of hypoglycemia awareness in long-standing type 1 diabetes: a multicenter 2 × 2 factorial randomized controlled trial comparing insulin pump with multiple daily injections and continuous with conventional glucose self-monitoring (HypoCOMPaSS).Diabetes Care 37 , 2114–2122 (2014).