References
Almbro, M. & Simmons, L.W. (2014) Sexual selection can remove an experimentally induced mutation load. Evolution, 68 , 295-300.
Andersson, M. (1986) Evolution of condition dependent sex ornaments and mating preferences: sexual selection based on viability differences.Evolution, 40 , 804-816.
Arbuthnott, D., & Rundle, H.D. (2012) Sexual selection is ineffectual or inhibits the purging of deleterious mutations in drosophila melanogaster. Evolution, 66 , 2127-2137.
Arnqvist, G., & Tuda, M. (2010) Sexual conflict and the gender load: correlated evolution between population fitness and sexual dimorphism in seed beetles. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences , 277 , 1345-1352.
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015) Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software , 67, 1-48
Berger, D., Martinossi-Allibert, I., Grieshop, K., Lind, M.I., Maklakov, A.A., & Arnqvist, G. (2016) Intralocus sexual conflict and the tragedy of the commons in seed beetles. American Naturalist ,188 ,E98-E112.
Bonduriansky, R. (2011) Sexual selection and sonflict as engines of ecological diversification. American Naturalist , 178 , 729-745.
Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2014) Will their armaments be their downfall? Large horn size increases extinction risk in bovids. Animal Conservation , 17, 80–87.
Brooks, M.E., Kristensen, K., van Benthem, K.J., Magnusson, A., Berg, C.W., Nielsen, A., Skaug, H.J., Machler, M., & Bolker, B.M. (2017) glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling. The R journal , 9 ,400.
Cally, J.G., Stuart-Fox, D., & Holman, L. (2019) Meta-analytic evidence that sexual selection improves population fitness. Nature Communications , 10 ,2017.
Chenoweth, S.F., Appleton, N.C., Allen, S.L., & Rundle, H.D. (2015) Genomic Evidence that Sexual Selection Impedes Adaptation to a Novel Environment. Current Biology , 25 ,1860-1866.
Connallon, T., & Clark, A.G. (2012) A general population genetic framework for antagonistic selection that accounts for demography and recurrent mutation. Genetics , 190 ,1477-1489.
Crawley, M.J. (2013) The R Book . 2nd edition. Wiley, Chichester.
Darwin, C. (1859) The origin of speceis by means of natural selection . John Murray, London.
Darwin, C. (1871) The descent of man and selection in relation to sex . John Murray, London.
De Lisle, S.P., & Rowe, L. (2015) Independent evolution of the sexes promotes amphibian diversification. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences , 282 , 20142213
Doherty, P.F., Sorci, G., Royle, J.A., Hines, J.E., Nichols, J.D., & Boulinier, T. (2003) Sexual selection affects local extinction and turnover in bird communities. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 100 ,5858-5862.
Fox, C.W., & Reed, D.H. (2011) Inbreeding depression increases with environmental stress: An experimental study and meta-analysis.Evolution , 65 , 246-258.
Fox, J., & Weisberg, S. (2011) An (R) companion to applied regression . 2nd edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks,CA.
Frankham, R. (2005) Genetics and extinction. Biological Conservation , 126 , 131-140.
Gabriel, W., & Bürger, R. (1994) Extinction risk by mutational meltdown: Synergistic effects between population regulation and genetic drift. In: Conservation Genetics (ed. Loeschcke, V., Jain, S.K., & Tomiuk J.). Birkhäuser Basel, Basel, pp 69-84
Gilpin, M.E., & Soulé, M.E. (1986) Minimum viable populations:processes of species extinction. In: Conservation Biology: the Scienceof Scarcity and Diversity (ed. Soulé, M.E.). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, pp. 19-34.
Godwin, J.L., Lumley, A.J., Michalczyk, Ł., Martin, O.Y., & Gage,M.J.G. (2020) Mating patterns influence vulnerability to the extinction vortex.Globe Change Biology , 00, 1-14.
Grieshop, K., Berger, D., & Arnqvist, G. (2017) Male-benefit sexually antagonistic genotypes show elevated vulnerability to inbreeding.BMC Evolutionary Biology, 17 , 134
Grieshop, K., Stångberg, J., Martinossi-Allibert, I., Arnqvist, G., & Berger, D. (2016) Strong sexual selection in males against a mutation load that reduces offspring production in seed beetles. Journal of Evolutionary Biolog , 29 , 1201-1210.
Harano, T., Okada, K., Nakayama, S., Miyatake, T., & Hosken, D.J. (2010) Intralocus sexual conflict unresolved by sex-limited trait expression. Current Biology , 20 , 2036-2039.
Jarzebowska, M., & Radwan, J. (2010) Sexual selection counteracts extinction of small populations of the bulb mites. Evolution,64 , 1283-1289.
Jensen, J.D. (2014) On the unfounded enthusiasm for soft selective sweeps. Nature Communications 5 , 5281
Joag, R., Stuglik, M., Konczal, M., Plesnar-Bielak, A., Skrzynecka, A., Babik, W., & Radwan, J. (2016) Transcriptomics of intralocus sexual conflict: gene expression patterns in females change in response to selection on a male secondary sexual trait in the bulb mite.Genome Biology and Evolution , 8 , 2351-2357.
Kokko, H., & Brooks, R. (2003) Sexy to die for? Sexual selection and the risk of extinction. Annales Zoologici Fennici,40 ,207-219.
Long, T.A.F., Agrawal, A.F., & Rowe, L. (2012) The effect of sexual selection on offspring fitness depends on the nature of genetic variation. Current Biology , 22 , 204-208.
Łukasiewicz, A., Niskiewicz, M., & Radwan, J. (2020) Sexually-selected male weapon is associated with lower inbreeding load but higher sex load in the bulb mite. Evolution , 74 , 1851–1855.
Lumley, A.J., Michalczyk, Ł., Kitson, J.J.N., Spurgin, L.G., Morrison, C.A., Godwin, J.L., Dickinson, M.E., Martin, O.Y., Emerson, B.C., Chapman, T., & Gage, M.J.G. (2015) Sexual selection protects against extinction. Nature , 522 , 470-473.
Martinez-Ruiz, C., & Knell, R.J. (2017) Sexual selection can both increase and decrease extinction probability: reconciling demographic and evolutionary factors. Journal of Animal Ecology , 86 , 117-127.
Martins, M.J.F., Puckett, T.M., Lockwood, R., Swaddle, J.P., & Hunt, G. (2018) High male sexual investment as a driver of extinction in fossil ostracods. Nature , 556 , 366-369.
McGuigan, K., Petfield, D., & Blows, M.W. (2011) Reducing mutation load through sexual selection on males. Evolution , 65 , 2816-2829.
Moen, R. A., Pastor, J., & Cohen, Y. (1999) Antler growth and extinction of Irish elk. Evolutionary Ecology Research ,1 , 235-249.
Morrow, E.H., & Fricke, C. (2004) Sexual selection and the risk of extinction in mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences , 271 , 2395.
Morrow, E.H., & Pitcher, T.E. (2003) Sexual selection and the risk of extinction in birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences , 270 , 1793-1799.
O’Driscoll Worman, C., & Kimbrell, T. (2008) Getting to the hart of the matter: Did antlers truly cause the extinction of the Irish elk?Oikos , 117 , 1397-1405.
Parrett, J.M., & Knell, R.J. (2018) The effect of sexual selection on adaptation and extinction under increasing temperatures.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,285 , 20180303
Parrett, J.M., Mann, D.J., Chung, A.Y.C., Slade, E.M., & Knell, R.J. (2019) Sexual selection predicts the persistence of populations within altered environments. Ecology Letters , 22 , 1629-1637.
Plesnar-Bielak, A., Jawor, A., & Kramarz, P.E. (2013) Complex response in size-related traits of bulb mites (Rhizoglyphus robini ) under elevated thermal conditions - an experimental evolution approach.Journal of Experimental Biology , 216 , 4542-4548.
Plesnar-Bielak, A., Skrzynecka, A.M., Miler, K., & Radwan, J. (2014) Selection for alternative male reproductive tactics alters intralocus sexual conflict. Evolution, 68 , 2137-2144.
Plesnar-Bielak, A., Skrzynecka, A.M., Prokop, Z.M., & Radwan, J. (2012) Mating system affects population performance and extinction risk under environmental challenge. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 279 , 4661-4667.
Plesnar-Bielak, A., Skwierzyńska, A.M., Hlebowicz, K., & Radwan, J. (2018) Relative costs and benefits of alternative reproductive phenotypes at different temperatures – genotype-by-environment interactions in a sexually selected trait. BMC Evolutionary Biology , 18 , 109.
Promislow, D.E.L. (1992) Costs of sexual selection in natural populations of mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 247 , 203-210.
R Core Team. (2021) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/
Radwan, J. (1995) Male morph determination in two species of acarid mites. Heredity , 74 , 669-673.
Radwan, J. (2004) Effectiveness of sexual selection in removing mutations induced with ionizing radiation. Ecology Letters ,7 , 1149-1154.
Radwan, J., Engqvist, L., & Reinhold, K. (2015) A paradox of genetic variance in epigamic traits: beyond “good genes” view of sexual selection. Evolutionary Biology , 43, 267–275.
Rice, W.R. (1992) Sexually antagonistic genes: experimental evidence.Science, 256 , 1436-1439.
Rice, W.R., & Chippindale, A.K. (2001) Intersexual ontogenetic conflict. Journal of Evolutionary Biology , 14 , 685-693.
Rowe, L., & Houle, D. (1996) The lek paradox and the capture of genetic variance by condition dependent traits. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 263 , 1415-1421.
Schou, M.F., Bechsgaard, J., Muñoz, J., & Kristensen, T.N. (2018) Genome-wide regulatory deterioration impedes adaptive responses to stress in inbred populations of Drosophila melanogaster*.Evolution, 72 , 1614-1628.
Smallegange, I.M. (2011) Complex environmental effects on the expression of alternative reproductive phenotypes in the bulb mite.Evolutionary Ecology, 25 , 857-873.
Smallegange, I.M., & Coulson, T. (2011) The stochastic demography of two coexisting male morphs. Ecology, 92 , 755-764.
Spielman, D., Brook , B.W., Briscoe, D.A., & Frankham, R. (2004a) Does inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity decrease disease resistance?Conservation Genetics , 5 ,439-448.
Spielman, D., Brook , B.W., & Frankham, R. (2004b). Most species are not driven to extinction before genetic factors impact them.Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 101 , 15261-15264.
Fig. 1. The effect of treatment, i.e. control vs. gradual temperature increase (GTI) and generation on proportion of individuals which survived till the end of a given generation. The box encloses the inter-quartile range (IQR, values between the first and third quartiles of the data), horizontal bar within the box indicates the median, and whiskers 1.5x IQR.
Fig. 2. Proportions of populations enriched for both fighter and scrambler genes (F populations and S populations, respectively) that survived throughout 4 generations in control and gradual temperature increase (GTI) treatment.
Fig. 3. Schematic representation of short and long-term effects of the sexual selection on population fitness. Within any population at a given time, natural selection will favour the fittest individuals (grey areas within gaussian distribution of fitness values), a process that can be further enhanced by good genes sexual selection (black areas). Thus, sexual selection would increase population fitness. However, increasing investment in sexually selected traits may also have negative impact on population fitness, e.g. due to their sexually antagonistic effects on female fitness. As sexually selected traits evolve to be more and more elaborated, this negative impact may outweigh the positive good genes effects. Consequently, the relationship between the investment in sexually selected traits, and population fitness can become negative in the long term (red line). Such relationship may be detected e.g. in comparative analyses across species, despite positive relationship between elaboration of sexual traits and fitness detected within each species.