Fig. 4 The best-fit SEMs showing the influences of site-level native
plant performance
(Pnative_site ), site-level
native plant richness
(Rnative_site ), annual mean
temperature (T ), water nutrient status
(Nwater ), average water depth
(Hsite ), habitat size
(Ahabitat ) and distance to the nearest town
(Lsite-town ) on site-level mean biomass of exotic
plants (A), and the influences of quadrat-level native plant performance
(Pnative_quadrat ), quadrat-level
native plant richness
(Rnative_quadrat ), quadrat-level
co-occurring exotic plant performance
(Pexotic_quadrat ), T ,Nwater , and water depth
(Hquadrat ) on quadrat-level population biomass ofA. philoxeroides (B), E. crassipes (C), and C.
caroliniana (D). Arrow widths are proportional to standardized path
coefficients (values are also given, *P < 0.05, **P
< 0.01, *** P < 0.001), and R2values are given for each endogenous variable.