APPENDIX 3 Standardised specialisation index (d’ ) for liana species within liana-tree networks in three forest sites of two moist semi-deciduous forests, Ghana. Values with an asterisk are significantly higher than expected by chance.
Liana species ASENANYO SUHUMA
Edge Interior Deep-interior Edge Interior Deep-interior
Acacia kamerunensis Gand. 0.41* - 0.64* 0.30 0.45* 0.39*
Acacia pentagona (Schum& Thonn.) Hook f. 0.47* 0.34* 0.54* 0.55* 0.65* 0.32
Acridocarpus smeathmannii (DC.) Guill. & Perr. 0.66* - - - - -
Afrobrunnichia erecta (Asch.) Hutch. & Dalziel 0.63* 0.59* - - - -
Agelaea obliqua (P.Beauv.) Baillon - 0.40* - - - 0.17
Agelaea trifolia (Lam.) Baill. 0.27 0.60* 1.00* 0.80* 0.48*
Alafia barteri Oliver 0.18 0.28 0.29 0.54* 0.38 0.42*
Alafia sp. 0.39* 0.30 0.30 0.43* 0.13 0.17
Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb. 0.27 - 0.31 - 0.31 -
Calycobolus africanus (G. Don) Heine 0.16 0.22 0.56* 0.25 0.13 0.21
Calycobolus heudelotii (Baker ex Oliver) Heine 0.36* - 0.00 - 1.00* 0.69*
Castanola paradoxa (Gilg) Schellenb. - - - 0.43* - -
Chlamydocarya macrocarpa A.Chev.exHutch.&D - 0.54* - - - -
Cissus adenocaulis Steud. ex A.Rich 0.12 0.67* 0.58* 0.23 0.19 0.00
Cissus silvestris Tchoume - 0.72* - - - -
Clerodendrum sp. - - - 0.30 - -
Cnestis ferruginea Vahl ex DC. - - - - 0.31 -
Combretum acutum M.A.Lawson - 0.53* - - - -
Combretum comosum G.Don 0.31 0.13 0.44* - - 0.71*
Combretum fuscum Planch. ex Benth. - - - - - 0.41*
Combretum micranthum G.Don 0.66* - - - - -
Combretum mucronatum Schumach. & Thonn. - - - 0.39* 0.03 0.42*
Combretum oyemense Exell 0.33* 0.08 0.45* - - -
Combretum paniculatum Vent. 0.34* 0.54* - 0.48* 0.24 0.43*
Combretum smeathmannii G.Don - - - 0.14 0.87* 0.44*
APPENDIX 3 (Continued)
Liana species ASENANYO SUHUMA
Edge Interior Deep-interior Edge Interior Deep-interior
Combretum sordidum Exell - - - 0.55* - -
Combretum sp. - - - - 0.31 -
Combretum tarquense Clark - - - 0.19 0.62* 0.22
Connarus africanus Lam. - - - - 0.64* -
Dalbergia hostilis Bentham 0.43* 0.13 - 0.25 1.00* -
Dalbergia oblongifolia G.Don - - 0.09 - - -
Dalbergiella welwitschii (Baker) Baker f. 0.32* 0.30 0.52* 0.35 0.13 0.49*
Dichapetalum dewevrei De Wild. & T.Durand - - - 0.60* - -
Dichapetalum pallidum (Oliver) Engler - 0.34* 0.59* 0.53* - -
Ficus sp. - - - - - 0.42*
Gongronema latifolium Benth. - - - - 0.44* -
Grewia hookeriana Exell & Mendonca 0.66* 0.24 0.81* - - -
Grewia malacocarpa Mast. - - - 0.45* 0.52* 0.56*
Griffonia simplicifolia (DC.) Baill. 0.11 0.28 0.24 0.26 0.17 0.40*
Hippocratea myriantha Oliv. - - - - - 0.45*
Hugonia planchonii Hook.f. - - - - 0.63* -
Hugonia rufopilis A.Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel - - - 0.53* - -
Illigera pentaphylla Welw. - - - 1.00* - 0.45*
Landolphia dulcis (Sabine ex G.Don) Pichon 0.22 - 0.24 0.43* 0.00 0.49*
Landolphia hirsuta (Hua) Pichon - - - 0.08 0.34 0.26
Landolphia owariensis P.Beauv. - - - 0.80* 0.81* -
Leptoderris cyclocarpa Dunn - - - 0.09 - -
Leptoderris micrantha Dunn 0.62* 0.54* 0.54* 0.68* 0.08 0.68*
Leptoderris miegei Ake Assi & Mangenot 0.11 - - 0.43* - 0.47*
Leptoderris sassandrensis Jongkind - - - 0.30 0.38 -
Leucomphalos libericus Breteler - - - 0.53* - -
APPENDIX 3 (Continued)
Liana species ASENANYO SUHUMA
Edge Interior Deep-interior Edge Interior Deep-interior
Manniophyton fulvum Mull.Arg. - 0.82* - 0.62* 0.38 0.36
Millettia chrysophylla Dunn 0.25 0.28 0.35* 0.35 0.16 0.34
Millettia lucens (Scott-Elliot) Dunn 0.75* - 0.59* - - -
Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh. 0.21 0.59* - - - -
Mezoneuron benthamianum Baill. ­- ‘ - - 0.26 - -
Motandra guineensis (Thonn.) A.DC. 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.45* 0.22 0.32
Mussaenda tristigmatica Cummins 0.66* - - - - -
Neuropeltis acuminata (P.Beauv.) Benth. 0.26 0.45* 0.44* 0.47* 0.28 0.33
Neuropeltis prevosteoides Mangenot - - 0.43* 0.29 0.63* 0.27
Oncinotis nitida Benth. - - - - - 0.35
Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock - - - - 0.00 -
Paullinia pinnata Linne 0.52* 0.43* 0.85* - - -
Phyllanthus sp. - - - - - 0.41*
Piper guineense Shumach. & Thonn. 0.29 - - - 0.46* 0.80*
Salacia cerasifera Welw. Ex Oliv. - - - - 0.37 -
Salacia debilis (G.Don) Walp. 0.92* - - 0.53* 0.33 0.48*
Salacia elegans Welw. ex Oliv. 0.24 0.31 0.23 0.23 0.18 0.38*
Salacia lateritia N.Halle 0.67* 0.16 - - - -
Salacia leptoclada Tul. - - - - 0.69* -
Salacia macrantha A.C.Sm. - - - - 0.63* -
Salacia preussii Loes - 0.45* - - - -
Salacia staudtiana Loes. ex Fritsch - - - - 0.81* -
Salacighia letestuana (Pellegr.) Blakelock - - - 0.69* - -
Simirestis staudtii (Loes.) N.Halle - - - - - 0.63*
Strophanthus hirsutus H.Hess - - - 0.61* - -
Strophanthus hispidus DC. 0.73* - - - - -
APPENDIX 3 (Continued)
Liana species ASENANYO SUHUMA
Edge Interior Deep-interior Edge Interior Deep-interior
Strophanthus preussii Engl. & Pax 0.37* 0.19 0.16 - - -
Strophanthus sarmentosus DC. - - - 0.30 0.70* 0.35
Strychnos campicola Gilg 0.51* 0.42* 0.59* - - -
Strychnos longicaudata Gilg - - - 0.34 0.40 0.50*
Strychnos malacoclados C.H. Wright - - - - 0.10 0.48*
Tetracera affinis Hutch. 0.52* 0.40* 0.42* - - -
Tiliacora dielsiana Hutch. & Dalziel 0.38* 0.26 0.44* 0.38* 0.49* 0.49*
Triclisia patens Oliv. 0.83* 0.53* 0.29 - - 1.00*
APPENDIX 4 Standardised specialisation index (d’ ) for tree species within liana-tree networks in three forest sites of two moist semi-deciduous forests, Ghana. Values with an asterisk are significantly higher than expected by chance.
ASENANYO SUHUMA
Tree species Edge Interior Deep-interior Edge Interior Deep-interior
Aidia genipiflora 0.16 - - 1.00* - -
Albizia adianthifolia 0.39* 0.20 0.17 0.23 0.37* -
Albizia ferruginea - - - 0.63* 0.22 -
Albizia zygia 0.00 0.36* 0.18 0.52* - 0.29
Alstonia boonei - - 0.13 0.49* - -
Amphimas pterocarpoides - 0.55* - 0.30 1.00* 0.39*
Annickia polycarpa - - - 0.42* - -
Anopyxis klaineana - - 0.07 - - -
Anthocleista sp. - - - 0.28 - -
Anthonotha fragrans - - - - - 0.41*
Anthonotha macrophylla - - - 0.00 - -
Antiaris toxicaria 0.11 - - 0.37 - 0.15
Antrocaryon micraster - - - - - 0.37*
Baphia nitida 0.29 0.10 0.39* 0.34 0.15 0.28
Baphia pubescens 0.16 - - 0.25 0.69* 0.12
Berlinia confusa 0.12 0.33* 0.09 - 0.54* -
Berlinia occidentalis - - - - - 0.41*
Blighia sapida - - - 0.15 0.39* 0.27
Bombax buonopozense - - - 0.34 - -
Buchholzia coriacea - - - - 0.32 -
Bussea occidentalis - - - 0.26 0.82* -
Calpocalyx brevibracteatus - - - 0.27 0.18 0.33
Carapa procera - - 0.42* 0.28 0.65* 0.31
Canarium schweinfurtii - - - 0.21 - -
Cedrela odorata 0.33* 0.19 0.24 0.00 - -
APPENDIX 4 (Continued)
ASENANYO SUHUMA
Tree species Edge Interior Deep-interior Edge Interior Deep-interior
Ceiba pentandra - 0.43* 0.65* 0.17 0.14 -
Celtis adolfi-friderici - 0.50* - 0.24 - -
Celtis mildbraedii 0.16 0.27 0.29 0.18 0.14 0.17
Celtis philippensis Blanco - - - 0.12 - -
Celtis zenkeri - - - 0.11 - -
Chrysophyllum perpulchrum - - 0.42* - - -
Chrysophyllum subnudum 0.48* 0.38* - - - -
Cola chlamydantha - - - 0.34 0.46* 0.12
Cola gigantea - 0.46* 0.09 - 0.37* 0.52*
Cola nitida 0.14 - - - - -
Corynanthe pachyceras - - 0.66* - 0.08 0.23
Cuviera nigrescens - 0.34* - - - -
Dacryodes klaineana - - - 0.80* - 0.41*
Daniela sp. - - - - - 0.31
Desplatsia sp. 0.73* - - - 0.39* -
Dialium aubrevillei - - - 0.37 0.20 0.45*
Diospyros sanza-minika - - - 0.28 - 0.41*
Diospyros gabunensis - - - - 0.32 0.71*
Diospyros kamerunensis - - - - - 0.60*
Discoglypremna sp. - 0.17 - - - -
Distemonanthus sp. - - - - 0.65* -
Drypetes gilgiana - 0.11 - - - -
Drypetes principum - - - 0.21 - -
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. - - 0.25 - - -
APPENDIX 4 (Continued)
ASENANYO SUHUMA
Tree species Edge Interior Deep-interior Edge Interior Deep-interior
Entandrophragma angolense 0.94* 0.22 0.38* 0.16 - 0.33
Entandrophragma cylindricum 0.23 - - - - -
Entandrophragma utile 0.21 0.89* 0.25 0.27 - -
Ficus exasperata - - - 0.34 0.18 -
Ficus sur 0.51* - - - - -
Funtumia africana 0.09 - 0.37* - - 0.64*
Funtumia elastica - - - 0.60* - -
Guarea thompsonii - 0.30 - - - 0.31
Guibourtia ehie - 0.11 - - - -
Hannoa klaineana - - - 0.37* - -
Hevea brasiliensis - - - 0.23 - -
Hexalobus crispiflorus - 0.27 - - - -
Homalium dewevrei - - - - - 0.40*
Hymenostegia afzelii 0.22 0.26 0.77* 0.28 - 0.23
Irvingia gabonensis 0.45* - 0.28 - - 0.32
Lannea welwitschii - 0.59* - 0.38* - 1.00*
Lonchocarpus sericeus 0.37* - 0.30 - - -
Lovoa trichilioides - - - - 0.24 -
Macaranga barteri - - - 0.00 - -
Mammea africana - - 0.55* - - -
Margaritaria discoidea - - - 0.64* - -
Microdesmis puberula 0.22 - - 0.19 0.18 -
Milicia excelsa - - - - - 0.40*
Musanga cecropioides - - - 0.42* 0.38* -
Massularia acuminata - - - - 0.25 -
APPENDIX 4 (Continued)
ASENANYO SUHUMA
Tree species Edge Interior Deep-interior Edge Interior Deep-interior
Myrianthus arboreus - - - 0.43* 0.56* 0.54*
Myrianthus libericus - - - 0.20 0.36 0.40*
Napoleonaea vogelii 0.31* - - - 0.18 -
Nauclea diderrichii - - 0.25 - - -
Nesogordonia papaverifera 0.26 0.00 0.16 0.22 0.30 0.25
Newbouldia laevis 0.56* - 0.00 - - -
Omphalocarpum ahia - - - - 0.39 -
Pachystela msolo - - - - - 0.54*
Pachystela brevipes - - - - 0.00 -
Parinari excelsa - - - 0.32 - -
Parkia bicolor - - - - - 0.37*
Pentaclethra sp. - - - - - 0.00
Petersianthus macrocarpus 0.53* - - - - -
Piptadeniastrum africanum 0.87* 0.19 0.45* 0.46* 0.41* 0.23
Pterygota macrocarpa - - - 0.58* 0.29 0.20
Pycnanthus angolensis 0.72* 0.39* 0.49* - 0.35 0.23
Rauvolfia vomitoria 0.63* - 0.21 0.59* 0.37* -
Ricinodendron heudelotii 0.54* 0.47* - 0.22 0.26 0.28
Rinorea sp. - - - 0.86* - -
Scottellia klaineana - - 0.18 0.33 1.00* 0.69*
Sterculia oblonga - - 0.49* 0.37* 0.29 -
Sterculia rhinopetala - - - 0.16 0.05 -
Sterculia tragacantha 0.13 - - 0.23 - -
Strombosia pustulata 0.18 0.22 0.23 0.79* 0.09 0.28
Synsepalum aubrevillei - - - 0.00 - -
APPENDIX 4 (Continued)
ASENANYO SUHUMA
Tree species Edge Interior Deep-interior Edge Interior Deep-interior
Terminalia ivorensis - - - 0.58* - -
Terminalia superba - 0.17 - - - 0.43*
Tetrapleura tetraptera 0.10 - - - - -
Treculia africana - - - - 0.07 -
Trichilia monadelpha 0.12 0.11 0.29 0.41* 0.35 0.31
Trichilia prieuriana 0.23 - 0.00 0.11 0.20 0.17
Trichilia tessmannii - - - - 0.37* -
Tricalysia disco lor - - 1.00* - - -
Trilepisium sp. 0.18 - - 0.12 0.45* 0.00
Triplochiton scleroxylon 0.10 - 0.22 0.55* - -
Turraeanthus africanus - - - - 0.34 0.40*
Uapaca corbisieri 0.90* - - - - -
Zanthoxylum gilletii 0.13 - 0.25 0.38* - -
Zanthoxylum parvifoliolum - - - 0.78* - -