RESULTS
Our analyses of mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between lemurs and plants showed co-phylogenetic signals (CS), providing evidence for phylogenetic congruence between clades. The co-phylogenetic signal was generally low, but significant, for all interaction types (frugivory, folivory, florivory and granivory) except nectarivory, regardless of whether the interaction was antagonistic or mutualistic (Table 2). The pattern also held true when removing introduced and/or invasive plant species (SM Table S8), suggesting either a deep conservatism of interactions or that invasion rates were low in Madagascar. In all interaction types where we found significant CS, the contribution of lemurs to CS was determined by both feeding guild and activity pattern. In all cases, insectivores and nocturnal lemurs showed the largest Procrustean residuals, and contributed the least to the CS (Fig. 1, Supplementary Material S9-A). As for plant traits, we found little evidence that fruit, leaf and flower traits defined individual contribution of plants to the CS (Supplementary Material S9-B).