RESULTS
Our analyses of mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between lemurs
and plants showed co-phylogenetic signals (CS), providing evidence for
phylogenetic congruence between clades. The co-phylogenetic signal was
generally low, but significant, for all interaction types (frugivory,
folivory, florivory and granivory) except nectarivory, regardless of
whether the interaction was antagonistic or mutualistic (Table 2). The
pattern also held true when removing introduced and/or invasive plant
species (SM Table S8), suggesting either a deep conservatism of
interactions or that invasion rates were low in Madagascar. In all
interaction types where we found significant CS, the contribution of
lemurs to CS was determined by both feeding guild and activity pattern.
In all cases, insectivores and nocturnal lemurs showed the largest
Procrustean residuals, and contributed the least to the CS (Fig. 1,
Supplementary Material S9-A). As for plant traits, we found little
evidence that fruit, leaf and flower traits defined individual
contribution of plants to the CS (Supplementary Material S9-B).