Study design
The Ethics Committee of Shidong Hospital of Yangpu District in Shanghai approved this study. The registration number of this randomized clinical trials is ChiCTR2100054402 (The URL is http://www.chictr.org/cn/). Each patient signs the informed consent before endoscopy. A total of 90 adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy between December 2021 and February 2022, were enrolled in this study.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy, aged 18 to 65 years old; ASA I to III; and body mass index19 to 27 kg/m2 were enrolled in this study.
Patients with (1) allergy to either dexmedetomidine or propofol; (2) history of long-term opioid use or alcohol abuse; (3) history of psychological problems or psychiatric disease; (4) heart failure (ejection fraction <40%); significant ischemic heart disease; (5) hypotension or bradycardia; (6) history of unregulated hypertension; (7) severe respiratory disease; (8) hepatic or renal insufficiency were excluded from this study.