References:
  1. Martín S, Pérez A, Aldecoa C . Sepsis and Immunosenescence in the Elderly Patient: A Review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2017; 4:20.
  2. Perner A, Rhodes A, Venkatesh B, Angus DC, Martin-Loeches I, Preiser JC, Vincent JL, Marshall J, Reinhart K, Joannidis M, Opal SM. Sepsis: frontiers in supportive care, organisation and research. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Apr; 43(4):496-5.
  3. Sorensen TI, Nielsen GG, Andersen PK, et al. Genetic and environmental in fluences on premature death in adult adoptees. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:727–732
  4. Ludwig KR, Hummon AB. Mass spectrometry for the discovery of biomarkers of sepsis. Mol Biosyst. 2017;13:648–64.
  5. Hotchkiss RS, Moldawer LL, Opal SM, Reinhart K, Turnbull IR, Vincent JL. Sepsis and septic shock. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16045.
  6. Liu R, Mo YY, Wang HL, Tan Y, Wen XJ, Deng MJ, Yan H, Li L. The relationship between toll like receptor 4 gene rs4986790 and rs4986791 polymorphisms and sepsis susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:38947.
  7. Shi Q, Mu X, Hong L, Zheng S. SERPINE1 rs1799768 polymorphism contributes to sepsis risk and mortality. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2015;16:1218–24.
  8. Qiao YC, Chen YL, Pan YH, Tian F, Xu Y, Zhang XX, Zhao HL. The change of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0176157.
  9. El-Tahan RR, Ghoneim AM, El-Mashad N. TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms and expression. Springerplus. 2016;5:1508.
  10. Lv B, Huang J, Yuan H, Yan W, Hu G. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha as a diagnostic marker for neonatal sepsis: a meta-analysis. 2014;2014:471463.
  11. Patel HJ, Patel BM. TNF-alpha and cancer cachexia: molecular insights and clinical implications. Life Sci. 2017;170:56–63.
  12. Kali A. TNFerade, an innovative cancer immunotherapeutic. Indian J Pharmacol. 2015;47:479–83.
  13. Flori L, Delahaye NF, Iraqi FA, Hernandez-Valladares M, Fumoux F, Rihet P. TNF as a malaria candidate gene: polymorphism-screening and family-based association analysis of mild malaria attack and parasitemia in Burkina Faso. Genes Immun. 2005;6:472–80.
  14. Gupta DL, Nagar PK, Kamal VK, Bhoi S, Rao DN. Clinical relevance of single nucleotide polymorphisms within the 13 cytokine genes in North Indian trauma hemorrhagic shock patients. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2015;23:96.
  15. Nakada TA, Hirasawa H, Oda S, Shiga H, Matsuda K, Nakamura M, Watanabe E, Abe R, Hatano M, Tokuhisa T. Influence of toll-like receptor 4, CD14, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukine-10 gene polymorphisms on clinical outcome in Japanese critically ill patients. J Surg Res. 2005;129:322–8.
  16. Song Z, Song Y, Yin J, Shen Y, Yao C, Sun Z, Jiang J, Zhu D, Zhang Y, Shen Q, Gao L, Tong C, Bai C. Genetic variation in the TNF gene is associated with susceptibility to severe sepsis, but not with mortality. PLoS One. 2012;7:e46113.
  17. 16. Sipahi T, Pocan H, Akar N. Effect of various genetic polymorphisms on the incidence and outcome of severe sepsis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2006;12:47–54.]
  18. 17. Schueller AC, Heep A, Kattner E, Kroll M, Wisbauer M, Sander J, Bartmann P, Stuber F. Prevalence of two tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms in premature infants with early onset sepsis. Biol Neonate. 2006;90:229–32.
  19. 18. Treszl A, Kocsis I, Szathmari M, Schuler A, Heninger E, Tulassay T, Vasarhelyi B. Genetic variants of TNF-[FC12]a, IL-1beta, IL-4 receptor [FC12]a-chain, IL-6 and IL-10 genes are not risk factors for sepsis in low-birth-weight infants. Biol Neonate. 2003;83:241–5.
  20. Wilson AG, di Giovine FS, Blakemore AI, et al: Single base polymorphism in the human tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) gene detectable by NcoI restriction of PCR product. Hum Mol Genet 1992; 1:353.
  21. Hajeer AH, Hutchinson IV: Influence of TNF alpha gene polymorphisms on TNF alpha production and disease. Hum Immunol. 2001; 62:1191–1199
  22. Debets JM, Kampmeijer R, van der Linden MP, et al: Plasma tumor necrosis factor and mortality in critically ill septic patients. Crit Care Med 1989; 17:489–494
  23. Waage A, Halstensen A, Espevik T: Association between tumour necrosis factor in serum and fatal outcome in patients with meningococcal disease. Lancet 1987; 1:355–357
  24. Papathanassoglou ED, Giannakopoulou MD, Bozas E: Genomic variations and susceptibility to sepsis. AACN Adv Crit Care 2006; 17:394–422
  25. Teuffel O, Ethier MC, Beyene J, Sung L. Association between tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter -308 A/G polymorphism and susceptibility to sepsis and sepsis mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:276–82.
  26. Zhang M, Zhao Y, Liu Q. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha -308G/A and -238G/A polymorphisms are associated with increased risks of sepsis: evidence from an updated meta-analysis. APMIS. 2017
  27. Tian H, Wei D, He X. Relationships of TNF-α gene polymorphism with susceptibility to sepsis and its infections degrees. Shandong Med J. 2015; 55:17-9
  28. Fu Y, Chen Y, Bai N, Liu R, Li D. Correlation of TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms with sepsis susceptibility. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2016; 9:2335-9
  29. Sole-Violan J, de Castro F, Garcia-Laorden MI, Blanquer J, Aspa J, Borderias L, Briones ML, Rajas O, Carrondo IM, Marcos-Ramos JA, Ferrer Aguero JM, GarciaSaavedra A, Fiuza MD, et al. Genetic variability in the severity and outcome of community-acquired pneumonia.
  30. Respir Med. 2010; 104:440-7.
  31. Mira JP, Cariou A, Grall F, et al: Association of TNF2, a TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism, with septic shock susceptibility and mortality: A multicenter study. JAMA 1999; 282:561–568
  32. Gordon AC, Lagan AL, Aganna E, et al: TNF and TNFR polymorphisms in severe sepsis
  33. and septic shock: A prospective multicentre study. Genes Immun 2004; 5:631–640
  34. Sipahi T, Pocan H, Akar N. Effect of various genetic polymorphisms on the incidence and outcome of severe sepsis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2006;12:47–54.
  35. Allam G, Alsulaimani AA, Alzaharani AK, Nasr A. Neonatal infections in Saudi Arabia: Association with cytokine gene polymorphisms. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2015;40:68–77.
  36. Duan ZX, Gu W, Zhang LY, Jiang DP, Zhou J, Du DY, Zen L, Chen KH, Liu Q, Jiang JX. Tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphism is associated with the outcome of trauma patients in Chinese Han population. J Trauma. 2011;70:954–958.
  37. Paskulin DD, Fallavena PR, Paludo FJ, Borges TJ, Picanço JB, Dias FS, Alho CS. TNF −308G > a promoter polymorphism (rs1800629) and outcome from critical illness. Braz J Infect Dis. 2011;15:231–238.
  38. Jaber BL, Rao M, Guo D, Balakrishnan VS, Perianayagam MC, Freeman RB, Pereira BJ. Cytokine gene promoter polymorphisms and mortality in acute renal failure. Cytokine. 2004;25:212–219.
  39. McDaniel DO, Hamilton J, Brock M, May W, Calcote L, Tee LY, Vick L, Newman DB, Vick K, Harrison S, Timberlake G, Toevs C. Molecular analysis of inflammatory markers in trauma patients at risk of postinjury complications. J Trauma. 2007;63:147–157. discussion 157–8.
  40. Garnacho-Montero J, Aldabo-Pallas T, Garnacho-Montero C, Cayuela A, Jiménez R, Barroso S, Ortiz-Leyba C. Timing of adequate antibiotic therapy is a greater determinant of outcome than are TNF and IL-10 polymorphisms in patients with sepsis. Crit Care. 2006;10:R111.
  41. Kothari N, Bogra J, Abbas H, Kohli M, Malik A, Kothari D, Srivastava S, Singh PK. Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphism results in high TNF level in sepsis and septic shock. Cytokine. 2013;61:676–681.
  42. Susantitaphong P, Perianayagam MC, Tighiouart H, Liangos O, Bonventre JV, Jaber BL. Tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter polymorphism and severity of acute kidney injury. Nephron Clin Pract. 2013;123:67–73.
  43. Schaaf BM, Boehmke F, Esnaashari H, Seitzer U, Kothe H, Maass M, Zabel P, Dalhoff K. Pneumococcal septic shock is associated with the interleukin-10-1082 gene promoter polymorphism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:476–480.
  44. Schueller AC, Heep A, Kattner E, Kroll M, Wisbauer M, Sander J, Bartmann P, Stuber F. Prevalence of two tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms in premature infants with early onset sepsis. Biol Neonate. 2006;90:229–232.
  45. Balding J, Healy CM, Livingstone WJ, White B, Mynett-Johnson L, Cafferkey M, Smith OP. Genomic polymorphic profiles in an Irish population with meningococcaemia: is it possible to predict severity and outcome of disease? Genes Immun. 2003;4:533–540.
  46. Majetschak M, Obertacke U, Schade FU, Bardenheuer M, Voggenreiter G, Bloemeke B, Heesen M. Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms, leukocyte function, and sepsis susceptibility in blunt trauma patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2002;9:1205–1211.