Figure legends
Figure 1 Basidiomata and percentage of monthly occurrences of fruiting bodies of Auriscalpium and Strobilurus on pinecones. For the graphs, the x-axis shows months and the y-axis shows percentage of monthly occurrences of fruiting bodies on pinecones.
Figure 2 The distributions of genes encodingcarbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in Auriscalpium and Strobilurus fungi.(a) wood decay fungi (WDF) plotted on the first two principal components from principal component analyses (PCA) of CAZymes. (b) Comparative analyses of CAZymes associated with lignocellulose decomposition. AAs: Auxiliary Activities; CBMs: Carbohydrate-Binding Modules; CEs: Carbohydrate Esterases; GHs: Glycoside Hydrolases; GTs: Glycosyl Transferases; PLs: Polysaccharide Lyases. (c) Heatmap analysis of CAZymes showing the distributions of CAZymes among different fungi. Numbers of family members in each genome are demonstrated. Overrepresented (+4 to 0) and underrepresented (0 to −4) numbers are depicted as scores for each line in heatmap. The clustering on the left involves gene families with the same pattern in number. On the right is the name of the gene family.
Figure 3 Comparisons of thecarbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in Auriscalpium and Strobilurus, the proportions of four major chemical components in different cones, and the proportions of different enzymes encoded by lignocellulolytic genesin the two fungi groups. (a) Heatmap analysis of seven fungi inAuriscalpium and Strobilurus of CAZymes. (b) Four components of three different newly fallen cones. A, B, C and D in x-axis represent lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin, respectively. The y-axis represents the proportion of the four components. (c) The proportions of lignocellulolytic genes in different fungi of Auriscalpium . A’, B’, C’, D’ in x-axis represent ligninase, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectinase respectively. The y-axis represents the proportion of the four types of enzymes; the same below. (d) The proportions of lignocellulolytic genes in different fungi of Strobilurus .
Figure 4 The changes of four major chemical components of cones before and after decomposition, and the relationship to differences of the numbers of lignocellulolytic genes between Strobilurus andAuriscalpium fungi colonizing the same pinecones. (a) The proportion of four components in cones of P . yunnanensisbefore and after the decomposition by A . orientale . A, B, C and D in x-axis represent lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin, respectively. The y-axis represents the proportion of the four components. White represents undecomposed cones, while gray represents decomposed cones. the same below. (b) The proportion of four components in cones of P . sylvestris before and after the decomposition by A . vulgare . (c) The content changes of four components in cones of P . armandii before and after being decomposed by A . microsporum . (d) Comparison of lignocellulolytic genes. A’, B’, C’ and D’ in x-axis represent ligninase, cellulose, hemicellulose and pectinase, respectively. The y-axis represents the proportion of the four types of enzymes inA . orientalis and S . luchuensis grown on cones of P . yunnanensis . The same below. (e) Comparison of lignocellulolytic genes in A . vulgare and S .stephanocystis on cones of P . sylvestris . (f) Comparisons of lignocellulolytic genes of A . microsporum ,S . pachcystidiatus and S . orientalis grown on cones of P . armandii . (g) Heatmap analysis of lignocellulolytic genes of four fungi on cones of P . subgenusPinus . (h) Heatmap analysis of lignocellulolytic genes of three fungi on cones of P . subgenus Strobus .
Figure 5 Types of successive decomposition of pinecones observed in the field. (a–b) The decomposition of cones of P . subgenus Pinus . (a) The cones decomposed byA . vulgare or A . orientale independently. (b) Successive decomposition and competition of A .orientale /S . luchuensis and A .vulgare/S . stephanocystis on cones of P . subgenusPinus . The yellow brown pileus represents S .luchuensis or S . stephanocystis . (c–f) The decomposition of cones of P . subgenus Strobus . (c) The cones decomposed by A . microsporum independently. (d) Successive decomposition and competition of A . microsporumand S . orientalis on cones of P . subgenusStrobus . The gray brown pileus represents S .orientalis . (e) Successive decomposition and competition ofA . microsporum and S . pachcystidiatus on cones of P . subgenus Strobus . The yellow pileus representsS . pachcystidiatus . (f) Successive decomposition and competition of A . microsporum , S .pachcystidiatus and S . orientalis on cones ofP . subgenus Strobus .