GDM pregnancy pairs (n=424) GDM pregnancy pairs (n=424) GDM pregnancy pairs (n=424)
Index Subsequent p value
Age (years) 30.6 (4.9) 33.5 (4.9) <0.001
Booking-in weight (kg) 67 (58.0,82.0) 70 (59.0,87.0) <0.001
Booking-in BMI (kg/m2) 26.2 (22.6, 31.6) 27.1 (23.4,32.5) <0.001
Week of booking 12.4 (6.0) 12.8 (5.7) 0.42
Ethnicity (n,%)
-Europid 178 (42.0)
-East Asia 89 (21.0)
-South Asia 68 (16.0)
-Middle East 57 (13.4)
-Other 32 (7.6)
Parity (n,%)
0 238 (56.1) - <0.001
1 104 (24.5) 223 (52.7)
2 45 (10.6) 110 (26.0)
>2 37 (8.7) 90 (21.3)
Week of GDM diagnosis 27 (25,29) 24 (16,27) <0.001
Early vs late GDM (n,%)
-early 41 (9.7) 180 (42.5) <0.001
-late 383 (90.3) 244 (57.5)
GTT- fasting glucose (mmol/L) 4.9 (0.9) 5.0 (1.0) 0.22
GTT- 2 hour glucose (mmol/L) 9.0 (1.4) 8.9 (1.7) 0.51
Medication required (%)
-yes 229 (54.0) 270 (63.7) <0.001
-no 195 (46.0) 154 (36.3)
Week medication started 30 (28,33) 27 (21,30) <0.001
Mode of delivery (%)
-vaginal birth 281 (66.3) 264 (62.3) 0.01
-Caesarean section 143 (33.7) 160 (37.7)
Induction of labour (n, %)
-yes 200 (47.2) 143 (33.7) <0.001
-no 224 (52.8) 281 (66.3)
Instrumental delivery (n, %)
-yes 59 (13.9) 21 (5.0) <0.001
-no 365 (86.1) 403 (95.0)
Emergency Caesarean (n, %)
-yes 69 (16.3) 30 (7.1) <0.001
-no 355 (83.7) 394 (92.9)
Elective Caesarean (n, %)
-yes 72 (17.0) 129 (30.4) <0.001
-no 352 (83.0) 295 (69.6)
Gestation at delivery (weeks) 38.7 (1.6) 38.5 (1.4) 0.02
Delivery <37 wks
30 (7.1) 40 (9.4) 0.20
394 (92.9) 384 (90.6)
Birth weight (g) 3315 (554) 3392 (587) 0.005
Birth weight centile (%) 50 (27.77) 54 (28,80) 0.23
SGA (%)
-yes 33 (7.8) 37 (8.7) 0.67
-no 391 (92.2) 387 (91.3)
LGA (%)
-yes 71 (16.7) 67 (15.8) 0.73
-no 353 (83.3) 357 (84.2)
Birth length (cm) 50.1 (3.0) 50.3 (2.6) 0.12
Fetal/neonatal death (n, %)
-yes 421 (99.3) 423 (99.8) 0.63
-no 3 (0.7) 1 (0.2)
Dystocia (n, %)
-yes 17 (4.0) 8 (1.9) 0.09
-no 407 (96.0) 416 (98.1)
Neonatal hypoglycemia (n, %)
-yes 57 (13.4) 69 (16.3) 0.25
-no 367 (86.6) 355 (83.7)
Composite neonatal outcome (death/dystocia/LGA/ SGA) (n, %)
-yes 114 (26.9) 108 (25.5) 0.66
-no 310 (73.1) 316 (74.5)