Figure 1: Schematic representation of the experimental design.
To modify the development rates and temporal availability ofDrosophila , 100 Drosophila larvae were reared in either
current ambient (24°C) or predicted warming (28°C) temperatures, and in
either high (50 indiv/ml food) or low (5 indiv/ml food) levels of
resource competition. Differences in development rates and developmental
stages in the control treatments (e.g., without parasitoids) are
presented as Drosophila transitioning from larval (beige), to
pupal (brown), to adult flies. This was replicated withDrosophila sulfurigaster and D. birchii alone and
the two Drosophila species together for the alternative host
species treatment. Female parasitoid wasps, from a single parasitoid
species, were then introduced to vials in two-day intervals (e.g., 0, 2,
4, 6 days), as shown with the dotted lines, to mimic a phenological
delay in emergence times between Drosophila and parasitoids.
Parasitoids remained in vials with hosts for 48-hours and this was
repeated with both parasitoid species (e.g., Asobara sp . andGanaspis sp .). Each unique treatment was replicated 5-6 times.