Discussion
While we recognize that climate change is altering phenological relationships among interacting species, the consequences for species interactions in different community contexts are unclear (Forrest & Miller-Rushing 2010). Here we show that delays in the emergence of parasitoids, relative to their insect hosts, significantly alters the strength and persistence of host-parasitoid interactions; and the magnitude of these effects varied across temperatures and the community context in which the interaction took place. Importantly, modifications in the outcome of the host-parasitoid interaction were due to both changes in host development times and declines in host and parasitoid performance under warming, irrespective of shifts in development rates. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that modifying the effects of phenological shifts on host-parasitoid interactions, via community contexts, could help maintain availability of prey (e.g., adaptive capacity) when hosts and parasitoids become temporally mismatched, but these benefits may not be realized in predicted warmer environments due to significant declines in performances of hosts and parasitoids. Thus, accounting for interactive effects between climate and community context is necessary when trying to predict the immediate and long-term consequences of phenological shifts on biotic communities.