Figure 3: Observed association between phenological delay,
temperature, and resource competition for the persistence ofDrosophila -parasitoid interactions in the dynamic simulation.
Each point (n = 9599) overlaid on the boxplot represents the proportion
of replicated simulations (n = 100) in which host-parasitoid
interactions persisted for at least 10 generations within each host
species combination. Data for both parasitoid species are presented
together within each host species facet. Many proportions are at or near
zero, thus some points are not visible. We restricted the y-axis to show
all values less than 0.3, but several observed proportions reach a value
higher than what are presented in this figure. All levels of host net
reproductive rate (1-10) and adult parasitoid survival rate (0.1-1) are
included in this figure. Data is split across host species to help
differentiate effects of phenological delay in pairwise and multispecies
systems. Predicted probabilities (not shown) of host-parasitoid
persistence across a wide range of parameters were less than 1%, but
interspecific combinations of host species had significantly greater
odds of persisting 10 generations then either species alone. Statistical
analysis is provided in SI Materials and Methods . All effects
were tested using Tukey’s HSD test for multiple comparison.