Dynamic model and simulation
Host and parasitoid emergence counts were used to parameterize a stochastic age-structured Nicholson-Bailey model. We calculated the number of generations host and parasitoid populations persisted before going extinct and statistically compared which factors promoted the probability of host-parasitoid persistence. The methods used for developing the mathematical model, fitting with data, simulating host-parasitoid interactions across generations, and statistical analyses are described in SI Materials and Methods .