FIGURE 2 Framework summarizing the datasets and statistical analyses for (a) Taxonomic similarity and (b) Functional similarity. (a) Taxonomic similarity: the site × species matrices were created separately for each habitat type, i.e., impoundments (Im ) and free-flowing segments (Fr ), and converted into taxonomic similarity matrices (TS ) based on abundance data. Changes in pairwise taxonomic similarities (taxonomic ΔCS) were measured as impoundments similarity (Im.TS ) minus the similarity of free-flowing segments (Fr.TS ). (b) Functional similarity: thesite×traits matrices (CWM) for abundance-based data were created for each habitat type, impoundments (Im ) and free-flowing segments (Fr ), and converted into functional similarity matrices (FS ) for the impoundments (Im.FS ) and free-flowing segments (Fr.FS ). Changes in pairwise functional similarities (functional ΔCS) were measured as impoundments similarity (Im.FS ) minus the similarity of free-flowing segments (Fr.FS ) (adapted from Baiser & Lokweed, 2011; Pool & Olden, 2012; Daga et al., 2020)