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\begin{document}

\title{Remote sensing reconstruction of long-term and dense water level and
storage variations of ungauged river in High Mountain Asia}



\author[1]{Jiahui Xu}%
\author[2]{Chunqiao Song}%
\author[1]{Chenyu Fan}%
\author[1]{Kai Liu}%
\author[1]{Tan Chen}%
\author[3]{Linghong  Ke}%
\author[4]{Shidong Wang}%
\author[1]{Lijuan Song}%
\affil[1]{Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[2]{Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[3]{Hohai University}%
\affil[4]{Henan Polytechnic University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 19, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Water level and storage are the most critical components for
understanding water cycle changes and mechanisms better. Given the lack
of in-situ river level monitoring and consecutive satellite altimetry
data in the Yarlung Zangbo River (YZR) in High Mountain Asia (HMA)
caused by the harsh environment and complex terrain, obtaining accurate
and long-term water characteristic changes is challenging. In this
study, we reconstructed the dense time series of the YZR water
characteristic changes from 2000 to 2020. The general idea of this
method is to obtain the water area information derived from the Global
Land Analysis and Discovery (GLAD) dataset, using the hypsometric curves
to fill Hydroweb lacked river water level records from the available
river area data, and to reconstruct the virtual stations (VSs) water
levels in the YZR. Moreover, by combining area estimates with the
changes in water level, the variations of the YZR water storage have
been obtained. The obtained YZR water storage variation result was
compared with the terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) of
Brahmaputra basin from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
data to discuss the response relationship. Results indicated that the
reconstructed water area applied in the YZR with high quantity accuracy
(approximately 82\%) and the reconstructed water levels agreed
reasonably well with Hydroweb water levels with an average R of 0.89.
Furthermore, the densified reconstructed water levels provided critical
and accurate information on the long-term monitoring in HMA. The YZR
water area, level and storage have apparent significant seasonal
fluctuations. The declining amplitude of water levels of VSs expanded
from the upstream region to the downstream region. In addition, the
change in river water storage only accounts for approximately one tenth
of that in the basin. This study sheds new light on bridging the gap in
monitoring the long-term water characteristic changes over poorly gauged
basins by means of optical imaging in combination with partial altimetry
satellite, and can be effectively applied in other large rivers in HMA.%
\end{abstract}%



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