3.3 | Functional annotations
Candidate SNP loci which showed significant associations with virus exposure were successfully mapped to the annotated H. rubragenome. SNPeff analyses predicted 333 candidate loci to have moderate effect on protein function (involving non-synonomous mutations), while 489 candidates were predicted to have low effect, and 24,722 candidates were recognised as non-coding or intergenic variants. Candidate loci that successfully mapped to H. rubra genome peptides sequences, were found to correspond with gene homologs in other animal systems including haliotids, non-haliotid marine molluscs, crustaceans, and humans. These include 13 gene homologs linked to HaHV-1 immunity in New Zealand pāua (H. iris ), and 13 genes associated with herpes virus response pathways in Japanese disk abalone (H. discus hannai ), decapod crustaceans (Penaues monodon andProcambarus clarkia ), and humans (Table 2). An additional 10 peptides mapped to gene homologs associated with host-virus interactions in various haliotids (H. discus hannai , H. laevigata , andH. ruscefens ), decapod crustaceans (Penaues monodon andProcambarus clarkia ), and humans (Table 2). All gene homologs and known functions are provided in Table 2. Notable findings include several genes linked to chitin-binding peritrophin-A domain, and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A family, which have recognised associations with immune responses in aquatic molluscs (Badariotti et al. 2007; Zhao et al. 2017) and humans (Fattahi et al. 2018), respectively. Also, the CREB-binding protein (CBP), which is associated with herpesvirus responses in humans (Gwack et al. 2001; Chenet al. 2020), as well as immune pathways for C-type lectins that are important contributors to innate immune responses in invertebrates (Nam et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2018; Qin et al.2019).