BC/EC
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Make systematic measurements of black carbon and/or elemental carbon.
Such measurements should not replace or reduce the existing monitoring
of pollutants for which guidelines currently exist.
Undertake the production of emission inventories, exposure assessments
and source apportionment for BC/EC.
Take measures to reduce BC/EC emissions from within the relevant
jurisdiction and, where considered appropriate, develop standards (or
targets) for ambient BC/EC concentrations.
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UFP
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Quantify ambient UFP in terms of particle number concentration (PNC)
for a size range with a lower limit of ≤ 10 nm and no restriction on
the upper limit.
Expand the common air quality monitoring strategy by integrating UFP
monitoring into the existing air quality monitoring. Include
size-segregated real-time PNC measurements at selected air monitoring
stations in addition to and simultaneously with other airborne
pollutants and characteristics of PM.
Distinguish between low and high PNC to guide decisions on the
priorities of UFP source emission control. Low PNC can be considered
10 000 particles/cm3 (24-hour mean) or 20 000 particles/cm3 (1-hour
mean).
Utilize emerging science and technology to advance approaches to the
assessment of exposure to UFP for their application in epidemiological
studies and UFP management.
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SDS
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Maintain appropriate air quality management and dust forecasting
programs. These should include early warning systems and short-term
air pollution action plans to alert the population to stay indoors and
take personal measures to minimize exposure and subsequent short-term
health effects during SDS incidents with high levels of PM.
Maintain suitable air quality monitoring programs and reporting
procedures, including source apportionment activities to quantify and
characterize PM composition and the percentage contribution of SDS to
the overall ambient concentration of PM. This will enable local
authorities to target local PM emissions from anthropogenic and
natural sources for reduction.
Conduct epidemiological studies, including those addressing the
long-term effects of SDS, and research activities aimed at better
understanding the toxicity of the different types of PM. Such studies
are especially recommended for areas where there is a lack of
sufficient knowledge and information about the health risk due to
frequent exposure to SDS.
Implement wind erosion control through the carefully planned expansion
of green spaces that considers and is adjusted to the contextual
ecosystem conditions. This calls for regional collaboration among
countries in the regions affected by SDS to combat desertification and
carefully manage green areas.
Clean the streets in those urban areas characterized by a relatively
high population density and low rainfall to prevent resuspension by
road traffic as a short-term measure after intense SDS episodes with
high dust deposition rates.
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