5 | MECHANISMS LINKED TO HUMAN IMMUNITY AND FUTURE
PROSPECTS
Totally, this is a new era of ocean economy since biomedicine and
particularly AIDS [67] and COVID-19 researches are indeed a growth
industry (drug discoveries and vaccines development). The microbial
flora, for example, K. pneumoniae HSL4 [68], is highly associated
with industrial applications, this microbial fermentation and related
biosynthesis could be also used in the field of biomedicine. New
biomedical resources and novel biotechnologies will help to control and
combat the current COVID-19 pandemic (Figure 1) [69]. Whatever, MNPs
are worthy of developing biomedical agents for universal health coverage
when combined with a magic “polypill”—
“environment-sleep-emotion-exercise-diet” intervention [E(e)SEEDi]
due to improvement of human immunity [70, 71].
However, marine radioactivity is a threat to human health or the
environment [72]. Thus, ocean environment and marine microbes play
strong roles in healthy ecosystems [73, 74]. Moreover, there are
correlations between an ocean-atmosphere and human health [75],
environmentally acquired infections and human disease [76, 77].
Hence, only healthy ocean & seas can meet human hope in the future.
It’s time to protect ocean ecosystem for human better sustainable
development.
Global food and nutrition security is very important during COVID-19
[78], especially in low- and middle-income countries [79, 80].
Currently, there is an increasing risk of both obesity and
undernutrition due to the COVID-19 pandemic [81]. And due to the
challenge of malnutrition (undernutrition and overnutrition) [82, for
example, having suboptimal intakes of seafood [83], as food lovers
[84], we should improve nutrition status with effective strategies.
Since there is an association between nutrition status and COVID-19
[85], we should assess positively the nutritional risks in COVID-19
cases with useful tools [86, 87], so as to promote nutritional care
and the nutrition management in these patients [88]. As a healthy
diet, seafood is an important choice. New business models will improve
its development [89]. And by the online-to-offline food delivery
[90] during the COVID-19 pandemic, people will combat effectively
the SARS-CoV-2 and its major variants (Delta and Omicron).
Recent studies found that MNPs (both Brevenal and Chrysamide B) can
reduce LPS induced cytokine/chemokine production and show their good
performances of anti-inflammatory effects [91, 92]. The former can
alter macrophage activation states and reduce inflammation in the lung,
the latter has strong anti-inflammatory activity due to inhibition on
the production of NO. The new potential mechanisms of MNPs against
SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 may be through multiple targets and
pathways regulating immunity and inhibiting inflammation. As innate
immune cells, macrophage activation or dysregulated plays an important
role in the hyperinflammatory response induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection
[93].
As we all known, there are often cardiovascular-related conditions among
patients with COVID-19 [94], such as myocarditis, acute myocardial
infarction (AMI), and heart failure, that is, irCVD. Since the NACHT,
leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3)
inflammasome is responsible for the inflammatory response to injury or
infection [95-97], whether MNPs can prevent the NLRP3 inflammasome
activation or inhibit its formation in cardiomyocytes or not, it needs
to further study. As we known, MNPs may not only lead to improvement in
cancer induced complications but also reduce LPS-induced inflammation by
the PI3K/Akt pathway due to anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects
[98]. Since SARS-CoV-2 is prone to mutation as an RNA virus and its
variants may gain resistance to available drugs or vaccines [99],
hot pot of MNPs as a new cocktail therapy may reduce the chances of drug
resistance due to multipathways targets so as to better protect human
cardiovascular system.
As huge, novel, and promising biomedical resources, MNPs are highly
expected becoming effective antiviral agents [100]. On the one hand,
with the further understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the
molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its variants, which
involve in TLR2 signaling induced the production of proinflammatory
cytokines (hyperactive cytokine release or a cytokine storm) [101],
risk stratification of mild, moderate, severe COVID-19 for the acute and
long-term adverse consequences [102], and human immunity [103,
104] and genetic mechanisms of critical illness [105], we can
choose better clinical strategies by valuable models [106] to combat
this severe viral disease.
On the other hand, due to the further understanding innate immunity and
systems vaccinology [107], novel concepts and theories will help the
vaccine development in this new platform and drug discoveries from these
MNPs. For example, recent mRNA vaccines can effectively protect subjects
from infectious disease including SARS-CoV-2 infection [108], it’s
believed that we will combat finally the COVID-19 pandemic in the globe.
Of course, just like convalescent plasma [109], clinical trials are
needed to confirm the effects of these MNPs on fighting against COVID-19
and irCVD. In addition, better knowledge, attitudes, and practices
[110] on the pandemic, such as incubation period [111],
in-hospital mortality associated with T2D [112], vaccination
effectiveness, and seasonal variations in incidence [113], are very
helpful.
Currently, there are increasing threats from SARS-CoV-2 variants (114).
With more understanding of epidemiological characteristics and
pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants (115, 116), human immune responses
(117-119) and neutralizing antibody response (120-122) during infection
and vaccinations (123), and better rapid test (124) and precise
diagnosis (125) of related variants, we can fight against these variants
by various vaccines (126) and bispecific antibodies (127), and human
immune memory, B-cells (128-130) and T cell immunity (131) by mRNA
vaccines (132) or anti-Omicron antibody (133) will help to protect from
infection of SARS-CoV-2 variants, and we can also predict future
variants (134).
At the same time, machine learning-based models [135] are also very
helpful to control the pandemic in the globe. Moreover, since the use of
other chemical agents [136, 137] for COVID-19 treatment are
associated with some adverse effects in cardiovascular system, MNPs have
more therapeutic advantages. All in all, MNPs combined with these above
effective strategies [138-140], such as development of a globally
scalable diagnostic biomarkers and effective antiviral targets,
discovery of specific protease inhibitors or other agents, such as
Paxlovid [141, 142], Molnupiravir [143], a combination of
BRII-196/BRII-198 [144], as well as healthy E(e)SEEDi lifestyle
[70, 71] and better nutrient strategies [145-149], will help to
combat the SARS-CoV-2 and its major variants (Delta and Omicron)
[150-152], thus, combat the COVID-19 pandemic.