5 | MECHANISMS LINKED TO HUMAN IMMUNITY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Totally, this is a new era of ocean economy since biomedicine and particularly AIDS [67] and COVID-19 researches are indeed a growth industry (drug discoveries and vaccines development). The microbial flora, for example, K. pneumoniae HSL4 [68], is highly associated with industrial applications, this microbial fermentation and related biosynthesis could be also used in the field of biomedicine. New biomedical resources and novel biotechnologies will help to control and combat the current COVID-19 pandemic (Figure 1) [69]. Whatever, MNPs are worthy of developing biomedical agents for universal health coverage when combined with a magic “polypill”— “environment-sleep-emotion-exercise-diet” intervention [E(e)SEEDi] due to improvement of human immunity [70, 71].
However, marine radioactivity is a threat to human health or the environment [72]. Thus, ocean environment and marine microbes play strong roles in healthy ecosystems [73, 74]. Moreover, there are correlations between an ocean-atmosphere and human health [75], environmentally acquired infections and human disease [76, 77]. Hence, only healthy ocean & seas can meet human hope in the future. It’s time to protect ocean ecosystem for human better sustainable development.
Global food and nutrition security is very important during COVID-19 [78], especially in low- and middle-income countries [79, 80]. Currently, there is an increasing risk of both obesity and undernutrition due to the COVID-19 pandemic [81]. And due to the challenge of malnutrition (undernutrition and overnutrition) [82, for example, having suboptimal intakes of seafood [83], as food lovers [84], we should improve nutrition status with effective strategies. Since there is an association between nutrition status and COVID-19 [85], we should assess positively the nutritional risks in COVID-19 cases with useful tools [86, 87], so as to promote nutritional care and the nutrition management in these patients [88]. As a healthy diet, seafood is an important choice. New business models will improve its development [89]. And by the online-to-offline food delivery [90] during the COVID-19 pandemic, people will combat effectively the SARS-CoV-2 and its major variants (Delta and Omicron).
Recent studies found that MNPs (both Brevenal and Chrysamide B) can reduce LPS induced cytokine/chemokine production and show their good performances of anti-inflammatory effects [91, 92]. The former can alter macrophage activation states and reduce inflammation in the lung, the latter has strong anti-inflammatory activity due to inhibition on the production of NO. The new potential mechanisms of MNPs against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 may be through multiple targets and pathways regulating immunity and inhibiting inflammation. As innate immune cells, macrophage activation or dysregulated plays an important role in the hyperinflammatory response induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection [93].
As we all known, there are often cardiovascular-related conditions among patients with COVID-19 [94], such as myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and heart failure, that is, irCVD. Since the NACHT, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is responsible for the inflammatory response to injury or infection [95-97], whether MNPs can prevent the NLRP3 inflammasome activation or inhibit its formation in cardiomyocytes or not, it needs to further study. As we known, MNPs may not only lead to improvement in cancer induced complications but also reduce LPS-induced inflammation by the PI3K/Akt pathway due to anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects [98]. Since SARS-CoV-2 is prone to mutation as an RNA virus and its variants may gain resistance to available drugs or vaccines [99], hot pot of MNPs as a new cocktail therapy may reduce the chances of drug resistance due to multipathways targets so as to better protect human cardiovascular system.
As huge, novel, and promising biomedical resources, MNPs are highly expected becoming effective antiviral agents [100]. On the one hand, with the further understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its variants, which involve in TLR2 signaling induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines (hyperactive cytokine release or a cytokine storm) [101], risk stratification of mild, moderate, severe COVID-19 for the acute and long-term adverse consequences [102], and human immunity [103, 104] and genetic mechanisms of critical illness [105], we can choose better clinical strategies by valuable models [106] to combat this severe viral disease.
On the other hand, due to the further understanding innate immunity and systems vaccinology [107], novel concepts and theories will help the vaccine development in this new platform and drug discoveries from these MNPs. For example, recent mRNA vaccines can effectively protect subjects from infectious disease including SARS-CoV-2 infection [108], it’s believed that we will combat finally the COVID-19 pandemic in the globe. Of course, just like convalescent plasma [109], clinical trials are needed to confirm the effects of these MNPs on fighting against COVID-19 and irCVD. In addition, better knowledge, attitudes, and practices [110] on the pandemic, such as incubation period [111], in-hospital mortality associated with T2D [112], vaccination effectiveness, and seasonal variations in incidence [113], are very helpful.
Currently, there are increasing threats from SARS-CoV-2 variants (114). With more understanding of epidemiological characteristics and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants (115, 116), human immune responses (117-119) and neutralizing antibody response (120-122) during infection and vaccinations (123), and better rapid test (124) and precise diagnosis (125) of related variants, we can fight against these variants by various vaccines (126) and bispecific antibodies (127), and human immune memory, B-cells (128-130) and T cell immunity (131) by mRNA vaccines (132) or anti-Omicron antibody (133) will help to protect from infection of SARS-CoV-2 variants, and we can also predict future variants (134).
At the same time, machine learning-based models [135] are also very helpful to control the pandemic in the globe. Moreover, since the use of other chemical agents [136, 137] for COVID-19 treatment are associated with some adverse effects in cardiovascular system, MNPs have more therapeutic advantages. All in all, MNPs combined with these above effective strategies [138-140], such as development of a globally scalable diagnostic biomarkers and effective antiviral targets, discovery of specific protease inhibitors or other agents, such as Paxlovid [141, 142], Molnupiravir [143], a combination of BRII-196/BRII-198 [144], as well as healthy E(e)SEEDi lifestyle [70, 71] and better nutrient strategies [145-149], will help to combat the SARS-CoV-2 and its major variants (Delta and Omicron) [150-152], thus, combat the COVID-19 pandemic.