Effect size was calculated according to Cohen’s d and categorized as trivial (0.0 to <0.2), small (0.2 to <0.5), medium (0.5 to <0.8), or large (≥0.8). PF: physical functioning; RP: role functioning/physical; P: pain; GH: general health; EF: energy/fatigue; SF: social functioning; RE: role functioning/emotional; EW: emotional well-being. Significant p-values are shown in bold. Effect sizes categorized as at least “small” are underlined.