Prognosis
\citet{Ricketts2022} evaluated childhood predictors of adult tic severity and impairment and found that childhood severity of tics and female sex are important predictors for tic severity and impairment in adulthood.
Using an online survey, 351 adult males with TS fulfilled questionnaires about adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and lifetime version of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale \cite{Yang2022}. An association between ACEs and higher lifetime tic severity and impairment was found. TS genetic risk might moderate the association between ACE score and tic impairment.
\cite{Openneer2022} conducted a subanalysis of the European Multicentre Tics in Children Study (EMTICS) to evaluate tic predictors in this prospective study. Children with tic onset were more frequently male , had higher baseline severity of conduct problems, autism spectrum disorder symptoms, compulsions and emotional problems compared to children without tic onset. Interestingly enough, there were differences in tic predictors between sexes: while conduct and ASD problems were male-specific predictors, severity of compulsions and oppositional and emotional problems were female-specific predictors.