Neuroimaging studies

Pharmacological studies

Other

Treatment

Psychological interventions

A RCT in 40 children age 9-16 found video HRT or ERP equally effective as face-to-face therapy \citep{35686189}.
In 116 patients treated with ERP, those who completed the treatment (or quit early due to improvement) retained significantly better outcome when followed up 1 year after the end of therapy \citep{36473491}
Comorbid ADHD or OCD improve with internet-delivered CBIT for tics \citep{35011787}.

Medication

Results were presented from a phase 2b parallel group RCT of the dopamine D1 antagonist ecopipam in 153 children and adolescents with TS \citep{wanaski2022,36628546}. YGTSS total tic scores and clinician severity ratings both declined significantly more in the active treatment group, without adverse metabolic or motor effects (such as akathisia or rigidity-bradykinesia).