Materials and methods

Yeast strains and stocks

Yarrowia lipolytica W29 used in this study is a natural strain, originally isolated from wastewater in Paris, France. TheSaccharomyces cerevisiae strains used in this study share the CEN.PK genetic background (Entian and Kötter, 2007; Salazar et al. , 2017) and the FDH knockout strain CEN.PK556-7B was constructed previously (Overkamp et al. , 2002). Frozen culture stocks were prepared by adding sterile glycerol to an overnight culture to a final glycerol concentration of 30% v/v and storage of 1 mL aliquots at -80°C.