INTRODUCTION
Among various types of pediatricians, pediatric hematologist-oncologists (PHOs) would receive the largest amount of payments from pharmaceutical companies.1 Plausible explanation of this is the increasing emergences of new oncology drugs over the past two decades. In addition, the entire pediatrics fields has been characterized by the lack of evidence in patients’ care and subsequent off-label prescribing,2 which means that the field is likely to be susceptible to such financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies. Thus, proper management of financial conflicts of interests (FCOIs) is specifically essential for PHOs.3 Further, oncologists and hematologists were increasingly targeted by the pharmaceutical companies through the several years.4,5This study aimed to elucidate a magnitude of pharmaceutical payments among Japanese PHOs certificated by the Japanese Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (JSPHO).