Acknowledgement
Thanks to Angela McArthur for editing the manuscript.
Thanks to Kathy Pritchard-Jones for providing helpful comments.
References
1. Leslie SW SP. Cancer, Wilms (nephroblastoma). Treasure Island
(FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2018.
2. Ward ZJ, Yeh JM, Bhakta N, Frazier AL, Girardi F, Atun R. Global
childhood cancer survival estimates and priority-setting: a
simulation-based analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(7):972-983.
3. Chagaluka G, Paintsil V, Renner L, et al. Improvement of overall
survival in the Collaborative Wilms Tumour Africa Project. Pediatr
Blood Cancer. 2020;67(9):e28383.
4. Organization WH. WHO Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer: An
overview. 2020.
5. Schünemann H BJ, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editors. GRADE handbook for
grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Updated
October 2013. The GRADE Working Group. In:2013.
6. Higgins JPT SJ, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Sterne JAC. Chapter 8: Assessing
risk of bias in a randomized trial. In: Higgins JPT TJ, Chandler J,
Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors), ed. Cochrane
Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.2 (updated
February 2021). Cochrane2021.
7. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.
Accessed.
8. Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt PM, Kleijnen J. The
development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of
diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res
Methodol. 2003;3:25.
9. Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program]. Version 5.4. The
Cochrane Collaboration2020.
10. GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool
[Software]. McMaster University, 2020 (developed by Evidence Prime,
Inc.). Available from gradepro.org [computer program].
11. Richards MK, Goldin AB, Savinkina A, et al. The association between
nephroblastoma-specific outcomes and high versus low volume treatment
centers. J Pediatr Surg. 2017;52(1):104-108.
12. Gutierrez JC, Koniaris LG, Cheung MC, Byrne MM, Fischer AC, Sola JE.
Cancer care in the pediatric surgical patient: a paradigm to abolish
volume-outcome disparities in surgery. Surgery.2009;145(1):76-85.
13. Fuchs J, Kienecker K, Furtwangler R, et al. Surgical aspects in the
treatment of patients with unilateral wilms tumor: a report from the
SIOP 93-01/German Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology.Ann Surg. 2009;249(4):666-671.
14. Kramer S, Meadows AT, Pastore G, Jarrett P, Bruce D. Influence of
place of treatment on diagnosis, treatment, and survival in three
pediatric solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 1984;2(8):917-923.
15. Wijnen MH, Hulscher JB. Centralization of pediatric surgical care in
the Netherlands: Lessons learned. J Pediatr Surg. 2021.
16. Gupta S, Howard SC, Hunger SP, et al. Treating Childhood Cancer in
Low- and Middle-Income Countries. In: Gelband H, Jha P, Sankaranarayanan
R, Horton S, eds. Cancer: Disease Control Priorities, Third
Edition (Volume 3). Washington (DC)2015.
17. Khanna G, Rosen N, Anderson JR, et al. Evaluation of diagnostic
performance of CT for detection of tumor thrombus in children with Wilms
tumor: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood
Cancer. 2012;58(4):551-555.
18. McDonald K, Duffy P, Chowdhury T, McHugh K. Added value of abdominal
cross-sectional imaging (CT or MRI) in staging of Wilms’ tumours.Clin Radiol. 2013;68(1):16-20.
19. Mushtaq I, Carachi R, Roy G, Azmy A. Childhood renal tumours with
intravascular extension. Br J Urol. 1996;78(5):772-776.
20. Ritchey ML, Green DM, Breslow NB, Moksness J, Norkool P. Accuracy of
current imaging modalities in the diagnosis of synchronous bilateral
Wilms’ tumor. A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group.Cancer. 1995;75(2):600-604.
21. Reiman TA, Siegel MJ, Shackelford GD. Wilms tumor in children:
abdominal CT and US evaluation. Radiology. 1986;160(2):501-505.
22. Patel K, Mahboubi S, Sherman NH, Rosenberg HK. Diagnosis and
follow-up of children with Wilms’ tumor: correlative study of ultrasound
and computed tomography. Report of eighteen cases. Ann Radiol
(Paris). 1991;34(6-7):376-382.
23. Meisel JA, Guthrie KA, Breslow NE, Donaldson SS, Green DM.
Significance and management of computed tomography detected pulmonary
nodules: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Int J
Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44(3):579-585.
24. Grundy PE, Green DM, Dirks AC, et al. Clinical significance of
pulmonary nodules detected by CT and Not CXR in patients treated for
favorable histology Wilms tumor on national Wilms tumor studies-4 and
-5: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood
Cancer. 2012;59(4):631-635.
25. Smets AM, van Tinteren H, Bergeron C, et al. The contribution of
chest CT-scan at diagnosis in children with unilateral Wilms’ tumour.
Results of the SIOP 2001 study. Eur J Cancer.2012;48(7):1060-1065.
26. Wilimas JA, Kaste SC, Kauffman WM, et al. Use of chest computed
tomography in the staging of pediatric Wilms’ tumor: interobserver
variability and prognostic significance. J Clin Oncol.1997;15(7):2631-2635.
27. Wilimas JA, Douglass EC, Magill HL, Fitch S, Hustu HO. Significance
of pulmonary computed tomography at diagnosis in Wilms’ tumor. J
Clin Oncol. 1988;6(7):1144-1146.
28. Shamberger RC, Guthrie KA, Ritchey ML, et al. Surgery-related
factors and local recurrence of Wilms tumor in National Wilms Tumor
Study 4. Ann Surg. 1999;229(2):292-297.
29. Irtan S, Van Tinteren H, Graf N, et al. Evaluation of needle biopsy
as a potential risk factor for local recurrence of Wilms tumour in the
SIOP WT 2001 trial. Eur J Cancer. 2019;116:13-20.
30. de la Monneraye Y, Michon J, Pacquement H, et al. Indications and
results of diagnostic biopsy in pediatric renal tumors: A retrospective
analysis of 317 patients with critical review of SIOP guidelines.Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(6):e27641.
31. D’Angio GJ, Evans AE, Breslow N, et al. The treatment of Wilms’
tumor: Results of the national Wilms’ tumor study. Cancer.1976;38(2):633-646.
32. Lemerle J, Voute PA, Tournade MF, et al. Preoperative versus
postoperative radiotherapy, single versus multiple courses of
actinomycin D, in the treatment of Wilms’ tumor. Preliminary results of
a controlled clinical trial conducted by the International Society of
Paediatric Oncology (S.I.O.P.). Cancer. 1976;38(2):647-654.
33. Mitchell C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shannon R, et al. Immediate
nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of
non-metastatic Wilms’ tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by
the UK Children’s Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer.2006;42(15):2554-2562.
34. Fernandez CV, Perlman EJ, Mullen EA, et al. Clinical Outcome and
Biological Predictors of Relapse After Nephrectomy Only for Very
Low-risk Wilms Tumor: A Report From Children’s Oncology Group AREN0532.Ann Surg. 2017;265(4):835-840.
35. Shamberger RC, Anderson JR, Breslow NE, et al. Long-term outcomes
for infants with very low risk Wilms tumor treated with surgery alone in
National Wilms Tumor Study-5. Ann Surg. 2010;251(3):555-558.
36. Bouty A, Burnand K, Nightingale M, et al. What is the risk of local
recurrence after laparoscopic transperitoneal radical nephrectomy in
children with Wilms tumours? Analysis of a local series and review of
the literature. J Pediatr Urol. 2018;14(4):327 e321-327 e327.
37. Ezekian B, Englum BR, Gulack BC, et al. Comparing oncologic outcomes
after minimally invasive and open surgery for pediatric neuroblastoma
and Wilms tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2018;65(1).
38. Duarte RJ, Cristofani LM, Denes FT, Filho VO, Tannuri U, Srougi M.
Wilms tumor: a retrospective study of 32 patients using
videolaparoscopic and open approaches. Urology.2014;84(1):191-195.
39. Romao RL, Weber B, Gerstle JT, et al. Comparison between
laparoscopic and open radical nephrectomy for the treatment of primary
renal tumors in children: single-center experience over a 5-year period.J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10(3):488-494.
40. Nanda RH, Shehata BM, Khoshnam N, et al. Impact of lymph node
evaluation in adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy settings on survival
outcomes in Wilms tumour: a review of 185 cases from a single
institution. Pathology. 2017;49(1):19-23.
41. Saltzman AF, Smith DE, Gao D, et al. How many lymph nodes are
enough? Assessing the adequacy of lymph node yield for staging in
favorable histology wilms tumor. J Pediatr Surg.2019;54(11):2331-2335.
42. Fernandez CV, Mullen EA, Chi YY, et al. Outcome and Prognostic
Factors in Stage III Favorable-Histology Wilms Tumor: A Report From the
Children’s Oncology Group Study AREN0532. J Clin Oncol.2018;36(3):254-261.
43. Ehrlich PF, Anderson JR, Ritchey ML, et al. Clinicopathologic
findings predictive of relapse in children with stage III
favorable-histology Wilms tumor. J Clin Oncol.2013;31(9):1196-1201.
44. Kieran K, Anderson JR, Dome JS, et al. Lymph node involvement in
Wilms tumor: results from National Wilms Tumor Studies 4 and 5. J
Pediatr Surg. 2012;47(4):700-706.
45. Zhuge Y, Cheung MC, Yang R, Koniaris LG, Neville HL, Sola JE.
Improved survival with lymph node sampling in Wilms tumor. J Surg
Res. 2011;167(2):e199-203.
46. Vujanic GM, D’Hooghe E, Popov SD, Sebire NJ, Kelsey A. The effect of
preoperative chemotherapy on histological subtyping and staging of Wilms
tumors: The United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group (UKCCSG) Wilms
tumor trial 3 (UKW3) experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer.2019;66(3):e27549.
47. Xu S, Sun N, Zhang WP, Song HC, Huang CR. Management of Wilms tumor
with intravenous thrombus in children: a single center experience.World J Pediatr. 2019;15(5):476-482.
48. Cristofani LM, Duarte RJ, Almeida MT, Odone Filho V, Maksoud JG,
Srougi M. Intracaval and intracardiac extension of Wilms’ tumor. The
influence of preoperative chemotherapy on surgical morbidity. Int
Braz J Urol. 2007;33(5):683-689; discussion 689.
49. Lall A, Pritchard-Jones K, Walker J, et al. Wilms’ tumor with
intracaval thrombus in the UK Children’s Cancer Study Group UKW3 trial.J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41(2):382-387.
50. Shamberger RC, Ritchey ML, Haase GM, et al. Intravascular extension
of Wilms tumor. Ann Surg. 2001;234(1):116-121.
51. Boam TD, Gabriel M, Shukla R, Losty PD. Impact of neoadjuvant
chemotherapy on thrombus viability in patients with Wilms tumour and
caval extension: systematic review with meta-analysis. BJS Open.2021;5(3).
52. Dzhuma K, Powis M, Vujanic G, et al. Surgical management, staging,
and outcomes of Wilms tumours with intravascular extension: Results of
the IMPORT study. J Pediatr Surg. 2021.
53. Morris L, Squire R, Sznajder B, van Tinteren H, Godzinski J, Powis
M. Optimal neoadjuvant chemotherapy duration in Wilms tumour with
intravascular thrombus: A literature review and evidence from SIOP WT
2001 trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(11):e27930.
54. Aydin B, Akyuz C, Yalcin B, et al. Bilateral Wilms tumors: Treatment
results from a single center. Turk J Pediatr. 2019;61(1):44-51.
55. Spiegl HR, Murphy AJ, Yanishevski D, et al. Complications Following
Nephron-Sparing Surgery for Wilms Tumor. J Pediatr Surg.2020;55(1):126-129.
56. Aldrink JH, Cost NG, McLeod DJ, et al. Technical Considerations for
Nephron-Sparing Surgery in Children: What Is Needed to Preserve Renal
Units? J Surg Res. 2018;232:614-620.
57. Thompson RH, Lane BR, Lohse CM, et al. Every minute counts when the
renal hilum is clamped during partial nephrectomy. Eur Urol.2010;58(3):340-345.
58. Thompson RH, Lane BR, Lohse CM, et al. Comparison of warm ischemia
versus no ischemia during partial nephrectomy on a solitary kidney.Eur Urol. 2010;58(3):331-336.
59. Cost NG, Sawicz-Birkowska K, Kajbafzadeh AM, et al. A comparison of
renal function outcomes after nephron-sparing surgery and radical
nephrectomy for nonsyndromic unilateral Wilms tumor. Urology.2014;83(6):1388-1393.
60. Szymik-Kantorowicz S, Urbanowicz W, Surmiak M, Sulislawski J.
Therapeutic results in stage I Wilms’ tumors in children - 15 years of
surgical experience. Cent European J Urol. 2012;65(3):151-155.
61. Wilde JC, Aronson DC, Sznajder B, et al. Nephron sparing surgery
(NSS) for unilateral wilms tumor (UWT): the SIOP 2001 experience.Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014;61(12):2175-2179.
62. Zani A, Schiavetti A, Gambino M, Cozzi DA, Conforti A, Cozzi F.
Long-term outcome of nephron sparing surgery and simple nephrectomy for
unilateral localized Wilms tumor. J Urol. 2005;173(3):946-948;
discussion 948.
63. Haecker FM, von Schweinitz D, Harms D, Buerger D, Graf N. Partial
nephrectomy for unilateral Wilms tumor: results of study SIOP
93-01/GPOH. J Urol. 2003;170(3):939-942; discussion 943-934.
64. Stokes CL, Stokes WA, Kalapurakal JA, et al. Timing of Radiation
Therapy in Pediatric Wilms Tumor: A Report From the National Cancer
Database. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018;101(2):453-461.
65. Kalapurakal JA, Li SM, Breslow NE, et al. Influence of radiation
therapy delay on abdominal tumor recurrence in patients with favorable
histology Wilms’ tumor treated on NWTS-3 and NWTS-4: a report from the
National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.2003;57(2):495-499.
66. D’Angio GJ, Tefft M, Breslow N, Meyer JA. Radiation therapy of
Wilms’ tumor: results according to dose, field, post-operative timing
and histology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.1978;4(9-10):769-780.
67. Pasqualini C, Furtwangler R, van Tinteren H, et al. Outcome of
patients with stage IV high-risk Wilms tumour treated according to the
SIOP2001 protocol: A report of the SIOP Renal Tumour Study Group.Eur J Cancer. 2020;128:38-46.
68. Dix DB, Seibel NL, Chi YY, et al. Treatment of Stage IV Favorable
Histology Wilms Tumor With Lung Metastases: A Report From the Children’s
Oncology Group AREN0533 Study. J Clin Oncol.2018;36(16):1564-1570.