References.
1.
Barrientos, R., Ascensão, F., D’Amico, M., Grilo, C. & Pereira, H.M.
(2021). The lost road: Do transportation networks imperil wildlife
population persistence? Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation ,
19, 411-416.
2.
Beebee, T.J.C. (2013). Effects of Road Mortality and Mitigation Measures
on Amphibian Populations. Conservation Biology , 27, 657-668.
3.
Beyer, H.L., de Villiers, D., Loader, J., Robbins, A., Stigner, M.,
Forbes, N. et al. (2018). Management of multiple threats achieves
meaningful koala conservation outcomes. Journal of Applied
Ecology , 55, 1966-1975.
4.
Brady, S.P. & Richardson, J.L. (2017). Road ecology: shifting gears
toward evolutionary perspectives. Frontiers in Ecology and the
Environment , 15, 91-98.
5.
Cain, A.T., Tuovila, V.R., Hewitt, D.G. & Tewes, M.E. (2003). Effects
of a highway and mitigation projects on bobcats in Southern Texas.Biological Conservation , 114, 189-197.
6.
Chen, H.L. & Koprowski, J.L. (2016). Barrier effects of roads on an
endangered forest obligate: influences of traffic, road edges, and gaps.Biological Conservation , 199, 33-40.
7.
Clevenger, A.P. & Waltho, N. (2000). Factors Influencing the
Effectiveness of Wildlife Underpasses in Banff National Park, Alberta,
Canada. Conservation Biology , 14, 47-56.
8.
Clevenger, A.P. & Waltho, N. (2005). Performance indices to identify
attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large
mammals. Biological Conservation , 121, 453-464.
9.
Connor, T., Qiao, M., Scribner, K., Zhang, J., Hull, V., Bai, W.et al. (2022). Complex effects of habitat amount and
fragmentation on functional connectivity and inbreeding in a giant panda
population. Conservation Biology , 36, e13828.
10.
Cote, J., Bestion, E., Jacob, S., Travis, J., Legrand, D. & Baguette,
M. (2017). Evolution of dispersal strategies and dispersal syndromes in
fragmented landscapes. Ecography , 40, 56-73.
11.
Courtois, B., Audebert, A., Dardou, A., Roques, S., Ghneim- Herrera, T.,
Droc, G. et al. (2013). Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Root
Traits in a Japonica Rice Panel. PLOS ONE , 8, e78037.
12.
Crooks, K.R., Burdett, C.L., Theobald, D.M., King, S.R.B., Di Marco, M.,
Rondinini, C. et al. (2017). Quantification of habitat
fragmentation reveals extinction risk in terrestrial mammals.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 114, 7635.
13.
Cruz, V.M.V., Kilian, A. & Dierig, D.A. (2013). Development of DArT
Marker Platforms and Genetic Diversity Assessment of the U.S. Collection
of the New Oilseed Crop Lesquerella and Related Species. PLOS
ONE , 8, e64062.
14.
Dexter, C.E., Appleby, R.G., Edgar, J.P., Scott, J. & Jones, D.N.
(2016). Using complementary remote detection methods for retrofitted
eco-passages: a case study for monitoring individual koalas in
south-east Queensland. Wildlife Research , 43, 369-379.
15.
Dixo, M., Metzger, J.P., Morgante, J.S. & Zamudio, K.R. (2009). Habitat
fragmentation reduces genetic diversity and connectivity among toad
populations in the Brazilian Atlantic Coastal Forest. Biological
Conservation , 142, 1560-1569.
16.
Do, C., Waples, R.S., Peel, D., Macbeth, G., Tillett, B.J. & Ovenden,
J.R. (2014). NeEstimator v2: re‐implementation of software for the
estimation of contemporary effective population size (Ne) from genetic
data. Molecular ecology resources , 14, 209-214.
17.
Dures, S.G., Carbone, C., Loveridge, A.J., Maude, G., Midlane, N.,
Aschenborn, O. et al. (2019). A century of decline: Loss of
genetic diversity in a southern African lion-conservation stronghold.Diversity and Distributions , 25, 870-879.
18.
Frankham, R., Ballou, J.D., Ralls, K., Eldridge, M.D.B., Dudash, M.R.,
Fenster, C.B. et al. (2017). Genetic Management of
Fragmented Animal and Plant Populations . Oxford University Press,
Oxford, UK.
19.
Fusco, N.A., Pehek, E. & Munshi-South, J. (2021). Urbanization reduces
gene flow but not genetic diversity of stream salamander populations in
the New York City metropolitan area. Evolutionary Applications ,
14, 99-116.
20.
Glista, D.J., DeVault, T.L. & DeWoody, J.A. (2009). A review of
mitigation measures for reducing wildlife mortality on roadways.Landscape and Urban Planning , 91, 1-7.
21.
Haddad, N.M., Brudvig, L.A., Clobert, J., Davies, K.F., Gonzalez, A.,
Holt, R.D. et al. (2015). Habitat fragmentation and its lasting
impact on Earth’s ecosystems. Science advances , 1,
e1500052-e1500052.
22.
Hanger, J., deVilliers, D., Forbes, N., Nottidge, B., Beyer, H., Loader,
J., & et al. (2017). Moreton Bay Rail Koala Management Program:
Final technical report for Queensland Department of Transport and Main
Roads.
23.
Hindersin, L., Wu, B., Traulsen, A. & García, J. (2019). Computation
and Simulation of Evolutionary Game Dynamics in Finite Populations.Scientific Reports , 9, 6946.
24.
Hohenlohe, P.A., Funk, W.C. & Rajora, O.P. (2021). Population genomics
for wildlife conservation and management. Molecular Ecology , 30,
62-82.
25.
Hohwieler, K.R., de Villiers, D.L., Cristescu, R.H. & Frere, C.H.
(2022). Genetic erosion detected in a specialist mammal living in a
fast-developing environment. Conservation Science and Practice ,
4, e12738.
26.
Johnson, M.T.J. & Munshi-South, J. (2017). Evolution of life in urban
environments. Science , 358.
27.
Jost, L. (2008). GST and its relatives do not measure differentiation.Molecular ecology , 17, 4015-4026.
28.
Jost, L., Archer, F., Flanagan, S., Gaggiotti, O., Hoban, S. & Latch,
E. (2018). Differentiation measures for conservation genetics.Evolutionary Applications , 11, 1139-1148.
29.
Keyghobadi, N., Roland, J., Matter, S.F. & Strobeck, C. (2005). Among-
and within-patch components of genetic diversity respond at different
rates to habitat fragmentation: an empirical demonstration.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 272,
553-560.
30.
Kilian, A., Wenzl, P., Huttner, E., Carling, J., Xia, L., Blois, H.et al. (2012). Diversity Arrays Technology: A Generic Genome
Profiling Technology on Open Platforms. In: Data Production and
Analysis in Population Genomics: Methods and Protocols (eds. Pompanon,
F & Bonin, A). Humana Press Totowa, NJ, pp. 67-89.
31.
Kjeldsen, S.R., Raadsma, H.W., Leigh, K.A., Tobey, J.R., Phalen, D.,
Krockenberger, A. et al. (2019). Genomic comparisons reveal
biogeographic and anthropogenic impacts in the koala (Phascolarctos
cinereus): a dietary-specialist species distributed across heterogeneous
environments. Heredity , 122, 525-544.
32.
Kleinhans, C. & Willows-Munro, S. (2019). Low genetic diversity and
shallow population structure in the endangered vulture, Gyps
coprotheres. Scientific Reports , 9, 5536.
33.
Larison, B., Kaelin, C.B., Harrigan, R., Henegar, C., Rubenstein, D.I.,
Kamath, P. et al. (2021). Population structure, inbreeding and
stripe pattern abnormalities in plains zebras. Molecular Ecology ,
30, 379-390.
34.
Lesbarrères, D. & Fahrig, L. (2012). Measures to reduce population
fragmentation by roads: what has worked and how do we know? Trends
in Ecology & Evolution , 27, 374-380.
35.
Lloyd, M.W., Campbell, L. & Neel, M.C. (2013). The Power to Detect
Recent Fragmentation Events Using Genetic Differentiation Methods.PLOS ONE , 8, e63981.
36.
Lopez, S., Rousset, F., Shaw, F.H., Shaw, R.G. & Ronce, O. (2009).
Joint effects of inbreeding and local adaptation on the evolution of
genetic load after fragmentation. Conserv Biol , 23, 1618-1627.
37.
Loss, S.R., Will, T. & Marra, P.P. (2014). Estimation of bird-vehicle
collision mortality on U.S. roads. The Journal of Wildlife
Management , 78, 763-771.
38.
Margan, S.H., Nurthen, R.K., Montgomery, M.E., Woodworth, L.M., Lowe,
E.H., Briscoe, D.A. et al. (1998). Single large or several small?
Population fragmentation in the captive management of endangered
species. Zoo BIology , 17, 467–480
39.
Miles, L.S., Rivkin, L.R., Johnson, M.T.J., Munshi-South, J. &
Verrelli, B.C. (2019). Gene flow and genetic drift in urban
environments. Molecular Ecology , 28, 4138-4151.
40.
Orr, A.H. & Coyne, J.A. (2004). Speciation . Sinauer Associates
Inc., Massachusetts, USA.
41.
Peakall, R. & Smouse, P.E. (2012). GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in
Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research—an
update. Bioinformatics , 28, 2537-2539.
42.
Peakall, R.O.D. & Smouse, P.E. (2006). genalex 6: genetic analysis in
Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research.Molecular Ecology Notes , 6, 288-295.
43.
Peng, B. & Kimmel, M. (2005). simuPOP: a forward-time population
genetics simulation environment. Bioinformatics , 21, 3686-3687.
44.
Phillips, S.S. (2000). Population Trends and the Koala Conservation
Debate. Conservation Biology , 14, 650-659.
45.
Pimm, S.L., Willigan, E., Kolarova, A. & Huang, R. (2021). Reconnecting
nature. Current Biology , 31, R1159-R1164.
46.
Pinto, F.A.S., Bager, A., Clevenger, A.P. & Grilo, C. (2018). Giant
anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) conservation in Brazil: Analysing the
relative effects of fragmentation and mortality due to roads.Biological Conservation , 228, 148-157.
47.
Raman, H., Raman, R., Kilian, A., Detering, F., Carling, J., Coombes, N.et al. (2014). Genome-Wide Delineation of Natural Variation for
Pod Shatter Resistance in Brassica napus. PLOS ONE , 9, e101673.
48.
Riley, S.P.D., Pollinger, J.P., Sauvajot, R.M., York, E.C., Bromley, C.,
Fuller, T.K. et al. (2006). FAST-TRACK: A southern California
freeway is a physical and social barrier to gene flow in carnivores.Molecular Ecology , 15, 1733-1741.
49.
Rodriguez, A., Crema, G. & Delibes, M. (1996). Use of Non-Wildlife
Passages Across a High Speed Railway by Terrestrial Vertebrates.Journal of Applied Ecology , 33, 1527-1540.
50.
Sawaya, M.A., Kalinowski, S.T. & Clevenger, A.P. (2014). Genetic
connectivity for two bear species at wildlife crossing structures in
Banff National Park. Proceedings of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences , 281, 20131705.
51.
Schell, C.J., Stanton, L.A., Young, J.K., Angeloni, L.M., Lambert, J.E.,
Breck, S.W. et al. (2021). The evolutionary consequences of
human–wildlife conflict in cities. Evolutionary Applications ,
14, 178-197.
52.
Schlaepfer, D.R., Braschler, B., Rusterholz, H.-P. & Baur, B. (2018).
Genetic effects of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on remnant animal
and plant populations: a meta-analysis. Ecosphere , 9, e02488.
53.
Schmidt, C., Domaratzki, M., Kinnunen, R.P., Bowman, J. & Garroway,
C.J. (2020). Continent-wide effects of urbanization on bird and mammal
genetic diversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological
Sciences , 287, 20192497.
54.
Schultz, A.J., Cristescu, R.H., Hanger, J., Loader, J., de Villiers, D.
& Frère, C.H. (2020). Inbreeding and disease avoidance in a
free-ranging koala population. Molecular Ecology , 29, 2416-2430.
55.
Schultz, A.J., Strickland, K., Cristescu, R.H., Hanger, J., de Villiers,
D. & Frère, C.H. (2022). Testing the effectiveness of genetic
monitoring using genetic non-invasive sampling. Ecology and
Evolution , 12, e8459.
56.
Schultz, B.K. (2019). The establishment of a Living Genome Resource Bank
utilising genetic analysis and assisted breeding technology: a case
study on the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). In: School of
Veterinary Sciences . University of Queensland.
57.
Sherwin, W.B. (2010). Entropy and Information Approaches to Genetic
Diversity and its Expression: Genomic Geography. Entropy , 12,
1765.
58.
Sherwin, W.B., Chao, A., Jost, L. & Smouse, P.E. (2017). Information
Theory Broadens the Spectrum of Molecular Ecology and Evolution.Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 32, 948-963.
59.
Sherwin, W.B., Chao, A., Jost, L. & Smouse, P.E. (2021). Information
theory broadens the spectrum of molecular ecology and evolution: (Trends
in Ecology and Evolution 32:12, p:948–963, 2017). Trends in
Ecology & Evolution , 36, 955-956.
60.
Sherwin, W.B., Jabot, F., Rush, R. & Rossetto, M. (2006). Measurement
of biological information with applications from genes to landscapes.Molecular Ecology , 15, 2857-2869.
61.
Soanes, K., Taylor, A.C., Sunnucks, P., Vesk, P.A., Cesarini, S. & van
der Ree, R. (2018). Evaluating the success of wildlife crossing
structures using genetic approaches and an experimental design: Lessons
from a gliding mammal. Journal of Applied Ecology , 55, 129-138.
62.
Templeton, A.R., Robertson, R.J., Brisson, J. & Strasburg, J. (2001).
Disrupting evolutionary processes: The effect of habitat fragmentation
on collared lizards in the Missouri Ozarks. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences , 98, 5426.
63.
Toczydlowski, R.H. & Waller, D.M. (2019). Drift happens: Molecular
genetic diversity and differentiation among populations of jewelweed
(Impatiens capensis Meerb.) reflect fragmentation of floodplain forests.Molecular Ecology , 28, 2459-2475.
64.
Torres, A., Jaeger, J.A.G. & Alonso, J.C. (2016). Assessing large-scale
wildlife responses to human infrastructure development.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 113, 8472.
65.
Trumbo, D.R., Salerno, P.E., Logan, K.A., Alldredge, M.W., Gagne, R.B.,
Kozakiewicz, C.P. et al. (2019). Urbanization impacts apex
predator gene flow but not genetic diversity across an urban-rural
divide. Molecular Ecology , 28, 4926-4940.
66.
Waples, R.S., Waples, R.K. & Ward, E.J. (2021). Pseudoreplication in
genomic-scale data sets. Molecular Ecology Resources , n/a.
67.
Wilson, M.C., Chen, X.-Y., Corlett, R.T., Didham, R.K., Ding, P., Holt,
R.D. et al. (2016). Habitat fragmentation and biodiversity
conservation: key findings and future challenges. Landscape
Ecology , 31, 219-227.
Data Accessibility Statement.The SNP data and the forward
simulation programming code used in this study are available on Dryad.
Benefit-Sharing Statement. A research collaboration was
developed with scientists from the countries providing genetic samples,
all collaborators are included as co-authors, the results of research
have been shared with the provider communities and the broader
scientific community, and the research addresses a priority concern, in
this case the conservation of organisms being studied. More broadly, our
group is committed to international scientific partnerships, as well as
institutional capacity building.