Author | Country | Study Design | Follow-up | Population | Age (years) | Outcomes | Sample Size | Exposure or Intervention (n/cut-off or dose) | Confounder adjusted |
Abrishami et al
|
Iran
|
retrospective Cohort
|
February 28, 2020 and April 19, 2020 |
Hospitalized patients with COVID-19
|
55.18±14.98
|
Death and hospitalization
|
73
|
Vitamin D ≤25ng/mL
|
Age, sex, BMI, and comorbidities
|
Alguwaihes et al
|
Saudi Arabia
|
retrospective Cohort
|
May to July 2020
|
Hospitalized adults with COVID-19
|
55 (19–101)*
|
Mortality, ICU admission and NVI
|
150
|
112 (Vitamin D ≤12ng/mL) |
Age, sex, BMI, smoking, comorbidities, serum vitamin D, use of
medications, HbA1c, Neutrophil count, Creatinine and ALT.
|
Annweiler, C et al
|
France
|
Quasi-experimental study
|
March-April 2020
|
Frail elderly nursing-home residents with COVID-1
|
87.7 ± 9.0
|
Mortality of COVID-19 and clinical improvement
|
66
|
57 80,000 IU vitamin D3 either in the week following the suspicion or diagnosis of COVID-19, or during the previous month |
Age, gender, number of drugs daily taken, functional abilities,
nutritional status, COVID-19 treatment with corticosteroids and/or
hydroxychloroquine and/or dedicated antibiotics, and hospitalization for
COVID-19
|
Annweiler, G et al
|
France
|
Quasi-experimental study
|
March–May 2020
|
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in geriatric acute care unit |
88 (85–92)*
|
14-Day COVID-19 Mortality and clinical improvement
|
77
|
Group 1 (n=29): Regular Vitamin D Supplementation Group 2 (n=16): Vitamin D Supplementation After COVID-19 Diagnosis |
Age, gender, functional abilities, severe undernutrition, history of
cancer, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, glycated hemoglobin, number of
acute health issues at admission, hospital use of antibiotics, use
systemic corticosteroids, and pharmacological treatments of respiratory
disorders
|
Baktash et al
|
UK
|
Prospective cohort
|
1 March to 30 April 2020
|
Hospitalized patients aged ≥65 years with COVID-19
|
Mortality secondary to COVID-19; NIV support and admission to HDU, COVID-19 radiographic changes on chest X-ray |
70
|
39 (Vitamin D ≤12ng/mL) | Vitamin D; CRP, D-dimer, ferritin, high sensitivity troponin T, LDH and lymphocyte count. Age, weight, height, ethnicity, smoking status and comorbidities | |
Carpagnano et al
|
Italy
|
retrospective cohort
|
11 March to 30 April, 2020
|
COVID-19 hospitalized patients
|
65±13
|
Survival
|
42
|
10 (Vitamin D ≤ ≤10ng/mL) |
Demographic characteristics, medical history, underlined comorbidities,
symptoms, laboratory findings, respiratory parameters as fraction of
inspired oxygen (FiO2) and arterial partial pressure oxygen PaO2/FiO2
ratio, respiratory and pharmacological treatment.
|
Castillo et al
|
Spain
|
Parallel pilot randomized open label, double-masked clinical trial
|
calcifediol,
|
Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 i
|
53 ± 10
|
ICU admission and deaths
|
76
|
50 Treatment group 20000-IU in admission (10000-IU on days 3 and 7) |
Age, comorbidity, CRP, D-Dimer, LDH, Lymphocytes, Ferritin, IL-6
|
Cereda et al
|
Italy
|
cohort
|
March - April 2020
|
Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 i
|
77 (65.0-85.0)*
|
Mortality
|
129
|
99 (Vitamin D <20 ng/mL) |
Age, gender, BMI, comorbidities, severe pneumonia, serum level of
vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, D-Dimer, sodium, potassium,
ALT, AST, LDH, CK, CRP, lymphocytes and platelets.
|
Hernández et al
|
Spain
|
case-control
|
hospitalized patients aged ≥18 years with confirmed COVID-19 |
61.0 (47.5-70.0)*
|
COVID-19 severity (death and ICU admission)
|
197
|
162 (Vitamin D ≤ ≤20ng/mL) |
Age, sex, BMI, smoking, comorbidities, CRP. GFR, death, ICU, 25OHD and
PTH
|
|
Jain et al
|
India
|
Prospective cohort
|
6 weeks
|
Patients with COVID-19
|
Serum IL-6, serum TNF-α, serum ferritin and serum level of vitamin D |
154
|
90 (Vitamin D <20 ng/mL) |
Age, gender, comorbidity, BMI, mortality, asymptomatic patients and
critically patients
|
|
Macaya et al
|
Spain
|
retrospective cohort
|
March 5 to March 31, 2020
|
COVID-19 hospitalized patients
|
Non-severe COVID-19: 63 (50-72)* Severe COVID-19: 75 (66-84)* |
COVID-19 severity (death, admission to ICU, and/or NVI)
|
80
|
45 (Vitamin D ≤ ≤20ng/mL) |
Age, gender, obesity, cardiac disease, kidney disease, and vitamin
D
|
Mendy et al (preprint)
|
USA
|
retrospective cohort
|
March 13, 2020 to May 31, 2020 |
Patients with COVID-19
|
49.5 (35.2- 67.5)*
|
Hospitalization and disease severity (ICU and/or death)
|
689
|
89 (Vitamin D <12 ng/mL) | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking, comorbidities |
Merzon et al
|
Israel
|
retrospective Cohort
|
February 1 to April 30, 2020
|
Patients tested for COVID-19
|
COVID-19 group: 35.58 (34.49-36.67)** Non-COVID-19 group: 47.35 (46.87–47.85)** |
Risk of COVID-19 and hospitalization
|
782 COVID-19 group | 703 (Vitamin D ≤30ng/mL) |
Age, sex, BMI, smoking and comorbidities
|
Pizzini et al
|
Austria
|
Prospective cohort
|
8 weeks
|
COVID-19 hospitalized patients and outpatients with persistent
symptoms
|
58 ± 14
|
Severity and persistent cardio-pulmonary damage of COVID-19
patients
|
109
|
41 (Vitamin D <12 ng/mL) |
Age, gender, comorbidity, BMI, vitamin D supplementation e and serum
level of vitamin D, PTH, calcium, phosphate, creatinine, urea, CRP,
interleukin-6, serum ferritin, and D-dimer
|
Radujkovic et al
|
Germany
|
Prospective cohort
|
18 Marchto 18 June 2020
|
Inpatients and Outpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 |
NVI and survival
|
185
|
41 (Vitamin D <12 ng/mL) |
Age, gender, comorbidity, vitamin D supplementation e and serum level of
vitamin D
|
|
Smet et al
|
Belgium
|
retrospective cohort
|
March 1, 2020, to April 7, 2020 |
Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 i
|
COVID-19 severity (stage disease and death)
|
186
|
109 (Vitamin D <20 ng/mL) |
Age, sex, and comorbidities.
|
|
Tan et al
|
China
|
retrospective cohort
|
January 15 and April 15, 2020
|
hospitalized patients ≥50 y of age with COVID-19
|
Treatmente group:58.4 ±7 Control group: 64.1 ±7.9 |
Requiring oxygen therapy or ICU
|
43
|
17 1000-IU dose of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), |
Age, sex, clinical features and comorbidities. Use of magnesium oxide,
and vitamin B12 (methylcobalamine).
|
25OHD: 25-hydroyvitamin D, ALT: alanine transaminase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: body-mass index, CK: creatine kinase, CRP: C reactive protein, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, HDU: High dependency unit, IL-6: interleukin-6; ICU: Intensive Care Unit, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, NVI: Non-invasive ventilation, PCT: procalcitonin, PTH: parathyroid hormone. * Data represented as median (IQR). ** Data represented as mean (CI 95%) | 25OHD: 25-hydroyvitamin D, ALT: alanine transaminase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: body-mass index, CK: creatine kinase, CRP: C reactive protein, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, HDU: High dependency unit, IL-6: interleukin-6; ICU: Intensive Care Unit, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, NVI: Non-invasive ventilation, PCT: procalcitonin, PTH: parathyroid hormone. * Data represented as median (IQR). ** Data represented as mean (CI 95%) | 25OHD: 25-hydroyvitamin D, ALT: alanine transaminase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: body-mass index, CK: creatine kinase, CRP: C reactive protein, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, HDU: High dependency unit, IL-6: interleukin-6; ICU: Intensive Care Unit, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, NVI: Non-invasive ventilation, PCT: procalcitonin, PTH: parathyroid hormone. * Data represented as median (IQR). ** Data represented as mean (CI 95%) | 25OHD: 25-hydroyvitamin D, ALT: alanine transaminase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: body-mass index, CK: creatine kinase, CRP: C reactive protein, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, HDU: High dependency unit, IL-6: interleukin-6; ICU: Intensive Care Unit, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, NVI: Non-invasive ventilation, PCT: procalcitonin, PTH: parathyroid hormone. * Data represented as median (IQR). ** Data represented as mean (CI 95%) | 25OHD: 25-hydroyvitamin D, ALT: alanine transaminase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: body-mass index, CK: creatine kinase, CRP: C reactive protein, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, HDU: High dependency unit, IL-6: interleukin-6; ICU: Intensive Care Unit, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, NVI: Non-invasive ventilation, PCT: procalcitonin, PTH: parathyroid hormone. * Data represented as median (IQR). ** Data represented as mean (CI 95%) | 25OHD: 25-hydroyvitamin D, ALT: alanine transaminase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: body-mass index, CK: creatine kinase, CRP: C reactive protein, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, HDU: High dependency unit, IL-6: interleukin-6; ICU: Intensive Care Unit, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, NVI: Non-invasive ventilation, PCT: procalcitonin, PTH: parathyroid hormone. * Data represented as median (IQR). ** Data represented as mean (CI 95%) | 25OHD: 25-hydroyvitamin D, ALT: alanine transaminase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: body-mass index, CK: creatine kinase, CRP: C reactive protein, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, HDU: High dependency unit, IL-6: interleukin-6; ICU: Intensive Care Unit, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, NVI: Non-invasive ventilation, PCT: procalcitonin, PTH: parathyroid hormone. * Data represented as median (IQR). ** Data represented as mean (CI 95%) | 25OHD: 25-hydroyvitamin D, ALT: alanine transaminase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: body-mass index, CK: creatine kinase, CRP: C reactive protein, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, HDU: High dependency unit, IL-6: interleukin-6; ICU: Intensive Care Unit, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, NVI: Non-invasive ventilation, PCT: procalcitonin, PTH: parathyroid hormone. * Data represented as median (IQR). ** Data represented as mean (CI 95%) | 25OHD: 25-hydroyvitamin D, ALT: alanine transaminase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: body-mass index, CK: creatine kinase, CRP: C reactive protein, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, HDU: High dependency unit, IL-6: interleukin-6; ICU: Intensive Care Unit, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, NVI: Non-invasive ventilation, PCT: procalcitonin, PTH: parathyroid hormone. * Data represented as median (IQR). ** Data represented as mean (CI 95%) | 25OHD: 25-hydroyvitamin D, ALT: alanine transaminase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: body-mass index, CK: creatine kinase, CRP: C reactive protein, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, HDU: High dependency unit, IL-6: interleukin-6; ICU: Intensive Care Unit, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, NVI: Non-invasive ventilation, PCT: procalcitonin, PTH: parathyroid hormone. * Data represented as median (IQR). ** Data represented as mean (CI 95%) |