Quantification of ATP and NAD/NADH levels
According to the manufacturer’s instructions, the contents of ATP, NAD+, and NADH in the cells of different groups were detected using the ATP Assay System Bioluminescence Detection Kit (FF2000; Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and NAD/NADH-Glo Assay Kit (G9071; Promega). Meanwhile, the levels of cellular ATP, and NAD+ were measured by the multiple reaction monitoring MS (MRM-MS).