Fig. 3. GS increase mitochondrial biogenesis in
cardiomyocytes and neurons. (A) After GS pretreatment for 48 h, H9c2
and neurons were co-stained with MitoTracker Green probe and Hoechst
33342 to analyze mitochondria amount by confocal microscopy.(B-C) Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial fluorescence
intensity in control and GS-pretreated H9c2 and neurons from (A).(D-E) Mitochondrial structure in control and GS-treated H9c2
cells was observed by a transmission electron microscope. The number and
size of mitochondria in H9c2 cells from different groups were analyzed
by ImageJ. (F) After incubation with GS at 5 μg/mL for 48 h,
the levels of mitochondrial complexes I-V in H9c2 and PC12 cells were
detected by Western blot analysis. (G) Relative expressions of
complexes I-V in H9c2 and PC12 cells from (F) were quantified. Ctrl:
control group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01,
***P < 0.001 versus Ctrl group. CI-NDUFB8: NADH
dehydrogenase 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, CII-SDHB: succinate
dehydrogenase iron-sulfur subunit, CIII-UQCRC2: ubiquinol-cytochrome-c
reductase complex core protein 2, CIV-MTCO1: mitochondrially encoded
cytochrome C oxidase I, CV-ATP5A: ATP synthase F1 subunit α.