Fig. 9. Scheme indicating the molecular mechanism of total ginsenosides from Panax ginseng for promoting aerobic cell respiration and SIRT1 mitochondrial biosynthesis in cardiomyocytes and neurons. GS can increase the level of key metabolic enzymes and mitochondrial protein complexes II-IV to enhance TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Meanwhile, GS can promote the NAD+level and activate the SIRT1-PGC-1α pathway to increase mitochondrial biosynthesis. GS-induced increased level (Red) and decreased level (Blue).