Conclusion
In summary, in vitro and in vivo data provided evidence that GS from Panax ginseng promoted aerobic cellular respiration and SIRT1-mediated mitochondrial biosynthesis in cardiomyocytes and neurons. Major ginsenoside monomers, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, or Rg1, in GS were found to activate mitochondrial respiration and SIRT1 pathway to promote energy metabolism. This study provides new insights into the extensive application of ginseng for cardiac and neurological protection in healthy subjects and patients with ischemic disorders.