Cell culture
H9c2 rat cardiomyocyte, PC12 rat adrenal pheochromocytoma, L6/C2C12 rat/mouse skeletal muscle myoblast, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), THP-1 human acute monocytic leukemia cell lines were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). The 16-HBE human bronchial epithelial cell line was kindly provided by Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). Primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, cortical neurons, or BMSCs were isolated, established, and identified as our previous protocols (Huang et al., 2018; Jin et al., 2020; Louch, Sheehan & Wolska, 2011). BMSCs were kept in medium with 10 mM β-glycerophosphate, 50 μg/mL ascorbate, and 100 nM dexamethasone for 14 days to differentiate into the osteoblasts (Jin et al., 2020). All cells were cultured in appropriate medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (CLARK Bioscience, Claymont, DE, USA) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Biosharp, Hefei, China) and incubated at 37°C in a water-saturated atmosphere of 5% CO2. All cell lines tested negative for mycoplasma contamination. Detailed information for cell culture is described in Supplementary Table 1 .