Materials and reagents
Total ginsenosides (GS, purity ≥ 80%) and ginsenoside monomers (purity ≥ 98%), such as Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc, Rh1, Rb2, Rb3, Rd, F1, F3, Rk3, S-Rg3, R-Rg3, PPT, Rk1, Rg5, and Rh2, were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology (Shanghai, China). Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP, C2920), and rotenone (R8875) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Oligomycin B (ab143424); antimycin (ab141904); antibodies against oxdiative phosphorylation (OXPHOS, ab110413; CV-ATP5A, CIII-UQCRC2, CIV-MTCO1, CII-SDHB, and CI-NDUFB8); SIRT1 (ab189494); PGC-1α (ab54481); Nrf-1 (ab175932); and Nrf-2 (ab137550) were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Glycolysis Antibody Sampler Kit (#8337) containing antibodies against HK-I/II, PKM1/2, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), PDH, lactate dehydrogenase isozyme A, and platelet-type phosphofructokinase (PFKP), and Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Antibody Sampler Kit (#47767) containing antibodies against citrate synthase (CS), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2), MPC1/2, dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (DLST), succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A (SDHA), aconitase 2 (ACO2), fumarase, and β-Actin (#3700) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). p2E2 (Q86LE9) and JLA20 (P68139) were obtained from Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (Iowa City, IA, USA). Nicotinamide (NAM, HY-B0150) was purchased from MedChemExpress (Shanghai, China).