Figure 3: Selection coefficients (exp(βungulate presence)) from step-selection functions assessing whether carnivores (coyotes, cougars, black bears and bobcats) made movements that placed them in the proximity of a) mule deer and b) elk more often than expected by chance in northeastern Oregon, 2016-2019. Dots represent point estimates for the selection coefficient for ungulate presence and bars represent 95% confidence intervals. The gray horizontal line at y = 1 indicates indifference toward parturient ungulates; values above this line indicate selection and values below the line indicate avoidance. Cougars and bobcats did not encounter mule deer often enough for models to converge.