Figure 5 : Relative probability of selection for a) male black bears, b) female black bears, and c) cougars in northeastern OR (2016–2019) predicted from step-selection functions (darker shades of brown indicating higher relative probability of selection for each carnivore). In each panel, the GPS locations of telemetered adult female elk in the 30 days post-parturition (blue points) are overlaid on the relative probability of selection maps. The elk locations are displayed identically in each panel but appear darker when they overlap pixels with higher (i.e., darker shades of) relative probabilities of selection for carnivores. The maps are presented as a visual aid to portray how male bears and cougars, but not female bears, select for features of the landscape that overlap with areas used by post-parturient elk. Maps for all species can be found in the Supporting Information (Figures S1–S10).