Figure 2. The impact of ethanol infusion into the vein of Marshall (Et-VOM)
(A) A fluoroscopic image in the right anterior oblique (RAO) 35° view after Et-VOM. A circular catheter was positioned in the left atrial appendage (LAA). The vein of Marshall was occluded with an over-the-wire balloon catheter (arrow). Local tissue staining was observed around the vein of Marshall (arrowheads). (B) Bipolar voltage map in the left lateral view before Et-VOM. (C) Bipolar voltage map after Et-VOM. An extensive scar appeared on the left atrial ridge and lateral mitral isthmus. Note that the impact of Et-VOM extended to the basal left atrial appendage (LAA). CS, coronary sinus. Other abbreviations are as in Fig. 1.