2.1.4 Iron Induced Seizure Model
FeCl2 or FeCl3 iron injections induce chronic epileptogenic foci in the rat cerebral cortex that discharges independently. This experimental epileptogenic focus has been extensively studied to understand the mechanism of clinical post-traumatic epilepsy and GTCS. In their study by Sharma Varsha et al., 60 male Wistar rats weighing 250–300 g were five mcL/ 100 mM [33]. Sharma Varsha et al. focused on the iron-induced Model of post-traumatic chronic focal epilepsy in rats. It aimed to investigate the characteristics of epileptic events detected through electrocorticogram (ECoG) recordings and their associated behavioral manifestations. Epileptiform activity was observed chronically in the cortical and depth recordings during wake behavior, starting around day eight post-iron injection. Between day three and day 8, minimal epileptiform seizure activity was detected in the EEG records. By day eight post-iron injection, frequent electrical outbreaks, characterized by spike-wave complexes, were evident. In later time points, such as day 18 and day 28, the recordings showed longer-duration electrical paroxysms, including spike-wave complexes and poly spiking, both in cortical and depth recordings.
2.2.1 Maximal electroshock model
Maximal electroshock seizure (MES) is used to cause acute epileptic behaviors. Adult mice or rats (those older than six weeks) are often given an electrical stimulus. Mice and rats were given stimuli 50 mA and 150 mA, respectively. The pulse frequency is 50-60 Hz, pulse width is 0.6 ms, and the stimulus duration is 0.2 ms. In the MES model, roughly 3–10 times greater than the animal’s electrical seizure threshold is administered [33] . The everyday MES actions include Foaming at the mouth and urinary incontinence, followed by hindlimb extension, falling, and back rigidity. Experimental research on novel ASMs has primarily been conducted on healthy mice and rats in which seizures were generated using chemicals or electricity for practical reasons. The maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model has persisted over time as one of the benchmarks for initial testing.
MES seizure score:
  1. No seizure
  2. Forelimb extension without hindlimb extension
  3. Complete forelimb extension and partial hindlimb extension
  4. Total Hindlimb extension
  5. Post ictal depression
Advantages: SUDEP can be very well studied by this model, and the mechanism almost mimics humans.
Disadvantages: Audiogenic seizure models are poorly repeatable.