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\begin{document}

\title{Density of wild-living honey bee, \emph{Apis mellifera}, colonies
worldwide: A review}



\author[1]{Oliver  Visick}%
\author[1]{Francis Ratnieks}%
\affil[1]{University of Sussex}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The western honey bee,~\emph{Apis mellifera}, lives worldwide in
approximately 94 million managed hives but also wild throughout much of
its native and introduced range. Despite the global importance of
\emph{A. mellifera} as a crop pollinator, wild colonies have received
comparatively little attention in the scientific literature and basic
information regarding their density and abundance is scattered. Here we
review 29 studies that quantified wild colony density directly and
analyse a larger dataset including an additional 7 studies that
quantified density indirectly using genetic markers. Densities varied
from 0.1 to 24.2/km\textsuperscript{2} at 38 locations worldwide and
were 24 times lower in Europe (0.35/km\textsuperscript{2}) than Africa
(8.4/km\textsuperscript{2}) on average. Survey area varied from 1.2 to
924km\textsuperscript{2} and was negatively correlated with density.
Survey areas were largest in Europe (average of
70.4km\textsuperscript{2}) and were partly responsible for the low
densities reported in this region. After controlling for survey area in
a GLM, mean annual temperature and net primary productivity became
important predictors of density. This model was used to estimate wild
colony numbers at a regional scale, which varied from approximately 135
million in Latin America to 8 million in Europe and 250 million
worldwide. Overall, wild colonies were estimated to outnumber managed
hives in all regions except Europe and were estimated to be over twice
as numerous worldwide. This is a significant result given that~\emph{A.
mellifera} is often viewed as a domesticated species that primarily
lives under human management.%
\end{abstract}%



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\verb`VisickRatnieks2022_MainText.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/484809/articles/570435-density-of-wild-living-honey-bee-apis-mellifera-colonies-worldwide-a-review}\selectlanguage{english}
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