Figure 4: APV abundance (±SE) in aphid lines in the presence and absence of R. insecticola (A), H. defensa /APSE-3 (B) and H. defensa /APSE-2 (C). Viral abundance was estimated amplyfying a fragment of the single copy gene P1 and normalized to the aphid the housekeeping gene Ef1-α . Viral abundnace in symbiont-free lines were compared using ANOVA. Viral abundance in the presence and absence of symbionts at each time point were compared using t-test. Asterisk(s) above bars indicate significant differences (NS =P > 0.05; * = P ≤ 0.05; ** = P ≤ 0.01; *** = P ≤ 0.001).