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\begin{document}

\title{Evolutionary origin and establishment of the diploid-tetraploid complex
in Salix polyclona}



\author[1]{Li He}%
\author[2]{Fei-Yi Guo}%
\author[3]{Xin-Jie  Cai}%
\author[3]{Hong-Pu Chen}%
\author[4]{Chunlan Lian}%
\author[3]{Yuan Wang}%
\author[5]{Ce Shang}%
\author[6]{Yue Zhang}%
\author[7]{Natascha Wagner}%
\author[5]{Zhi-Xiang Zhang}%
\author[7]{Elvira Hörandl}%
\author[8]{Xiao-Ru Wang}%
\affil[1]{Shanghai Chen Shan Botanical Garden}%
\affil[2]{National Forestry and Grassland Administration}%
\affil[3]{Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University}%
\affil[4]{Asian Natural Environmental Science Center}%
\affil[5]{Beijing Forestry University}%
\affil[6]{Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve Administration}%
\affil[7]{Georg August University Göttingen}%
\affil[8]{Umeå Universitet}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Polyploids recurrently emerge in angiosperms, but most polyploids are
likely to go extinct before establishment due to minority cytotype
exclusion, which may be specifically a constraint for dioecious plants
to evolve polyploid populations. Investigations into the frequency and
distribution of polyploids in natural populations is thus necessary for
understanding polyploid evolution in plants. This study determined the
ploidy levels of 28 populations and 351 individuals of Salix polyclona,
and identified the type of polyploidy (auto- vs. allo-) using whole
genome re-sequencing data. We further investigated the phylogeny,
population genetic diversity and species range shifts to explore the
origin and spatiotemporal evolution of the polyploid complex. Our
analyses revealed a high frequency (52\%) of autopolyploids in it with a
clear geographic distribution confined to the western part of its range
where complex mountain systems create higher levels of environmental
heterogeneity. Comparisons of diploid male and female genomes suggested
a female heterogametic sex-determining factor on chromosome 15, which
likely also acts in the dioecious polyploids. Fossil-calibrated
phylogeny showed a more recent diversification of the polyploids (ca.
2.3 Ma) than the diploid (ca. 6.2 Ma), and population demographic
histories largely corroborated the geological and climatic history of
the region. Our results suggest that climatic oscillations and uplift of
eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the connecting mountains may have
facilitated the preservation and establishment of polyploid populations.
This study provides an example of the evolution of a diploid-polyploid
complex in a willow species and illustrates a role of polyploidization
in mountain biodiversity.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Diploid-tetraploid complex in Willow-2022-7-12.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/494880/articles/576802-evolutionary-origin-and-establishment-of-the-diploid-tetraploid-complex-in-salix-polyclona}\selectlanguage{english}
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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Table 2. Summary of estimated nucleotide heterozygosity rates of 13 representative tetraploids of Salix polyclona using GenomeScope.xlsx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/494880/articles/576802-evolutionary-origin-and-establishment-of-the-diploid-tetraploid-complex-in-salix-polyclona}\selectlanguage{english}
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