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\begin{document}

\title{Complex life cycles drive community assembly through immigration and
adaptive diversification}



\author[1]{Marco Saltini}%
\author[1]{Paula Vasconcelos}%
\author[1]{Claus Rueffler}%
\affil[1]{Uppsala University}%


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  \date{May 22, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Most animals undergo ontogenetic niche shifts during their life. Yet,
standard ecological theory builds on models that ignore this complexity.
Here, we study how complex life cycles, where juvenile and adult
individuals each feed on different sets of resources, affect community
richness. Two different modes of community assembly are considered:
gradual adaptive evolution and immigration of new species with randomly
selected phenotypes. We find that under gradual evolution complex life
cycles can lead to both higher and lower species richness when compared
to a model of species with simple life cycles that lack an ontogenetic
niche shift. Thus, complex life cycles do not \emph{per se} increase the
scope for gradual adaptive diversification. However, complex life cycles
can lead to significantly higher species richness when communities are
assembled trough immigration, as immigrants can occupy isolated peaks of
the dynamic fitness landscape that are not accessible via gradual
evolution.%
\end{abstract}%



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