Controls (n=67) Cases (n=67) P value
Age 63 (55–71) 60 (50–72) 0.892
Female 25 (37) 25 (37) >0.999
Race >0.999
White 26 (39) 26 (39)
Black 34 (51) 34 (51)
Asian 3 (5) 3 (5)
Other 4 (6) 4 (6)
Body surface area 2.0 (1.8–2.1) 2.0 (1.8–2.2) 0.340
MEDICAL HISTORY
Diabetes 22 (33) 8 (12) 0.004
Hypertension 60 (90) 60 (90) >0.999
Chronic pulmonary disease 12 (18) 10 (15) 0.641
Chronic liver disease 1 (2) 2 (3) >0.999
Peripheral artery disease 0 1 (2) >0.999
Previous stroke 6 (9) 4 (6) 0.511
Active malignancy 14 (21) 3 (5) 0.004
Past malignancy 1 (2) 3 (5) 0.619
Connective tissue disease 1 (2) 3 (5) 0.619
Smoking status [n=61] 0.121
Current/former smoker 41 (61) 29 (48)
Never smoker 26 (39) 32 (53)
CARDIAC HISTORY
Arrhythmia 6 (9) 5 (8) 0.753
Aortic aneurysm 2 (3) 7 (10) 0.165
Prior endovascular cardiac procedure 0 5 (8) 0.058
Prior open cardiac surgery 4 (6) 6 (9) 0.511
Coronary artery disease 12 (18) 6 (9) 0.129
Valvular disease 6 (9) 5 (8) 0.753
Mitral regurgitation 3 (5) 1 (2) 0.619
Aortic regurgitation 0 2 (3) 0.496
Aortic stenosis 3 (5) 2 (3) >0.999
Pacemaker/implantable cardioverter defibrillator 3 (5) 2 (3) >0.999
Bovine arch 0 2 (3) 0.496
Bicuspid aortic valve 2 (3) 2 (3) >0.999