REFERENCES
Beaulieu, J., O’Meara, B., Oliver, J., & Boyko, J. (2021). CorHMM: hidden Markov models of character evolution. R Package Version ,2 .
Bertani, R., & Guadanucci, J. P. L. (2013). Morphology, evolution and usage of urticating setae by tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae).Zoologia , 30 , 403–418.
Bond, J. E., & Coyle, F. A. (1995). Observations on the natural history of an Ummidia trapdoor spider from Costa Rica (Araneae, Ctenizidae). Journal of Arachnology , 157–164.
Bond, J. E., Hendrixson, B. E., Hamilton, C. A., & Hedin, M. (2012). A reconsideration of the classification of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida: Araneae) based on three nuclear genes and morphology. PloS One , 7 , e38753.
Bond, J. E., & Opell, B. D. (2002). Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of south-western North American Euctenizinae trapdoor spiders and their relatives (Araneae: Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae).Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 136 , 487–534.
Ceccarelli, F. S., Koch, N. M., Soto, E. M., Barone, M. L., Arnedo, M. A., & Ramírez, M. J. (2019). The grass was greener: repeated evolution of specialized morphologies and habitat shifts in ghost spiders following grassland expansion in South America. Systematic Biology , 68 , 63–77.
Chamberlin, R. V., & Ivie, W. (1945). On some nearctic mygalomorph spiders. Annals of the Entomological Society of America ,38 , 549–558.
Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (1983). Desert adaptations in spiders.Journal of Arid Environments , 6 , 307–317.
Coddington, J. A., & Levi, H. W. (1991). Systematics and evolution of spiders (Araneae). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 565–592.
Conway Morris, S. (2010). Evolution: like any other science it is predictable. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 365 , 133–145.
Coyle, F. A. (1971). Systematics and natural history of the mygalomorph spider genus Antrodiaetus and related genera (Araneae: Antrodiaetidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 141 , 269–402.
Coyle, F. A. (1974). Systematics of the trapdoor spider genusAliatypus (Araneae: Antrodiaetidae). Psyche , 81 , 431–500.
Coyle, F. A. (1981). Notes on the behaviour of Ummidia trapdoor spiders (Araneae, Ctenizidae): burrow construction, prey capture, and the functional morphology of the peculiar third tibia. Bulletin of the of the British Arachnological Society, 5, 159–165.
Coyle F. A. (1986). The role of silk in prey capture by nonaraneomorph spiders. In: Spiders: Webs, Behavior, and Evolution (ed. Shear W. A.). Stanford: Stanford University Press. 269–305.
Coyle, F. A. (1988). A revision of the American funnel web mygalomorph spider genus Euagrus (Araneae, Dipluridae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. , 187 , 203–292.
Coyle, F. A. (1995). A revision of the funnelweb mygalomorph spider subfamily Ischnothelinae (Araneae, Dipluridae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 226 , 1–133.
Coyle, F. A., Dellinger, R. E., & Bennett, R. G. (1992). Retreat architecture and construction behaviour of an east African idiopine trapdoor spider (Araneae, Idiopidae). Bulletin of the of the British Arachnological Society , 9 , 99–104.
Coyle, F. A., & Icenogle, W. R. (1994). Natural history of the Californian trapdoor spider genus Aliatypus (Araneae, Antrodiaetidae). Journal of Arachnology, 22 , 224–255.
Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection . (London: John Murray).
Decae, A. E., & Bosmans, R. (2014). Synonymy of the trapdoor spider genera Cyrtauchenius Thorell, 1869 and AmblyocarenumSimon, 1892 reconsidered (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae).Arachnology , 16 , 182–192.
Decae, A. E., Schwendinger, P. J., & Hongpadharakiree, K. (2021). Descriptions of four new trapdoor spider species in the subfamily Ummidiinae from Thailand (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae).Zootaxa , 4984 , 300–323.
Dippenaar-Schoeman A.S. (2002). Baboon and trapdoor spiders of Southern Africa: an identification manual. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook no. 13 . Pretoria: Agricultural Research Council, 1–128.
Eberhard, W. G., & Hazzi, N. A. (2013). Web construction ofLinothele macrothelifera (Araneae: Dipluridae). The Journal of Arachnology , 41 , 70–75.
Eggs, B., Wolff, J. O., Kuhn‐Nentwig, L., Gorb, S. N., & Nentwig, W. (2015). Hunting without a web: how lycosoid spiders subdue their prey.Ethology, 121 , 1166–1177.
Eskov, K., & Zonshtein, S. (1990). First Mesozoic mygalomorph spiders from the lower cretaceous of iberia and Mongolia, with notes on the system and evolution of the infraorder Mygalomorphae (Chelicerata: Araneae). Neues Jahrbuch Für Geologie Und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen , 178 , 325–368.
Foelix, R. F. (1996). Biology of spiders . 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press. 1–432.
Gertsch, W. J. (1949). American spiders. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company. 1–285.
Goloboff, P. A. (1993). A reanalysis of mygalomorph spider families (Araneae). American Museum Novitates, 3056 , 1–32.
Goloboff, P. A. (1995). A revision of the South American spiders of the family Nemesiidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Part I, species from Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 224 , 1–189.
Gower, J. C. (1971). A general coefficient of similarity and some of its properties. Biometrics, 27 , 857–871.
Griswold, C. E., & Ledford, J. (2001). A monograph of the migid trapdoor spiders of Madagascar: and a review of the world genera (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Migidae). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 151 , 1–120.
Hamilton, C. A., Formanowicz, D. R., & Bond, J. E. (2011). Species delimitation and phylogeography of Aphonopelma hentzi (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae): cryptic diversity in North American tarantulas. PloS One , 6 , e26207.
Harvey, M. S., Hillyer, M. J., Main, B. Y., Moulds, T. A., Raven, R. J., Rix, M. G., Vink, C. J., & Huey, J. A. (2018). Phylogenetic relationships of the Australasian open-holed trapdoor spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Nemesiidae: Anaminae): multi-locus molecular analyses resolve the generic classification of a highly diverse fauna.Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 184 , 407–452.
Hedin, M., & Bond, J. E. (2006). Molecular phylogenetics of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using nuclear rRNA genes (18s and 28s): conflict and agreement with the current system of classification.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , 41 , 454–471.
Hedin, M., Derkarabetian, S., Alfaro, A., Ramírez, M. J., & Bond, J. E. (2019). Phylogenomic analysis and revised classification of atypoid mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with notes on arachnid ultraconserved element loci. PeerJ , 7 , e6864.
Hedin, M., Derkarabetian, S., Ramírez, M. J., Vink, C., & Bond, J. E. (2018). Phylogenomic reclassification of the world’s most venomous spiders (Mygalomorphae, Atracinae), with implications for venom evolution. Scientific Reports , 8 , 1–7.
Hils, J. M., & Hembree D. I. (2015). “Neoichnology of the burrowing spiders Gorgyrella inermis (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) andHogna lenta (Araneae: Araneomorphae).” Palaeontologia Electronica, 18 , 1–62.
Jocqué, R., & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S. (2006). Spider families of the world . Tervuren, Belgium: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale. 1–336.
Kallal, R. J., Kulkarni, S. S., Dimitrov, D., Benavides, L. R., Arnedo, M. A., Giribet, G., & Hormiga, G. (2020). Converging on the orb: denser taxon sampling elucidates spider phylogeny and new analytical methods support repeated evolution of the orb web. Cladistics , 37 , 298–316.
Kelley, N. P., & Motani, R. (2015). Trophic convergence drives morphological convergence in marine tetrapods. Biology Letters ,11 , 20140709.
Kurczewski, F. E., Abela, A. J., & West, R. C. (2021). Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus )hirsutus (Banks)(Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Insecta Mundi, 902 , 1–23.
Leroy, A., & Leroy, J. (2005). Notes on the natural history of a trapdoor spider Ancylotrypa Simon (Araneae, Cyrtaucheniidae) that constructs a spherical burrow plug. The Journal of Arachnology ,33 , 558–561.
Levi, H. W. (1967). Adaptations of respiratory systems of spiders.Evolution, 21 , 571–583.
Lloyd, G. T. (2016). Estimating morphological diversity and tempo with discrete character-taxon matrices: implementation, challenges, progress, and future directions. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society ,118 , 131–151.
Losos, J. B. (2011). Convergence, adaptation, and constraint.Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution , 65 , 1827–1840.
Maddison, W. P. (2000). Testing character correlation using pairwise comparisons on a phylogeny. Journal of Theoretical Biology ,202 , 195–204.
Maddison, W. P. (2008). Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Evolution , 62 , 1103–1118.
Maddison, W. P., & FitzJohn, R. G. (2015). The unsolved challenge to phylogenetic correlation tests for categorical characters.Systematic Biology , 64 , 127–136.
Main, B. Y. (1957). Biology of aganippine trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae). Australian Journal of Zoology ,5 , 402–473.
Main, B. Y. (1982) Adaptations to arid habitats by mygalomorph spiders. In: Evolution of the Flora and Fauna of Arid Australia (eds Barker, W. R., Greensdale, P. J. M.). Frewville: SA Peacock Publishing Co. 273–284.
Main, B. Y. (1985). Further studies on the systematics for ctenizid trapdoor spiders: a review of the Australian genera (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae). Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series , 33 , 1–84.
Mayo, A. B. (1988). Door construction behavior of the mygalomorph spider family Antrodiaetidae and one member of the family Ctenizidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Master’s Thesis, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Mayr, E. (2013). Animal species and evolution . Harvard: Belknap Press. 1–797.
McGhee, G. R. (2011). Convergent evolution: limited forms most beautiful . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 1–336.
Montes de Oca, L.M., Indicatti, R.P., Opatova, V., Almeida, M., Pérez-Miles, F. and Bond, J.E., 2022. Phylogenomic analysis, reclassification, and evolution of South American nemesioid burrowing mygalomorph spiders. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 168 , 107377.
Nascimento, D. L., Netto, R. G., & Indicatti, R. P. (2021). Neoichnology of mygalomorph spiders: improving the recognition of spider burrows in the geological record. Journal of South American Earth Sciences , 108 , 103178.
Nguyen, L.-T., Schmidt, H. A., Von Haeseler, A., & Minh, B. Q. (2015). IQ-tree: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution ,32 , 268–274.
Nicolás Paz, S. (1988). Ecología y aspectos del comportamiento enLinothele sp.(Araneae, Dipluridae). Journal of Arachnology, 16 , 5–22.
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. R., O’hara, R. B., Simpson, G. L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M. H. H., & Wagner, H. (2013). Package “vegan.” Community Ecology Package, Version , 2 , 1–295.
Opatova, V., Hamilton, C. A., Hedin, M., De Oca, L. M., Král, J., & Bond, J. E. (2020). Phylogenetic systematics and evolution of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using genomic scale data. Systematic Biology , 69 , 671–707.
Pagel, M. (1994). Detecting correlated evolution on phylogenies: a general method for the comparative analysis of discrete characters.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences , 255 , 37–45.
Pagel, M. (1999). The maximum likelihood approach to reconstructing ancestral character states of discrete characters on phylogenies.Systematic Biology , 48 , 612–622.
Palmer J. (1990). Comparative morphology of the external silk production apparatus of “primitive” spiders . PhD thesis. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1–220.
Pekár, S., Šobotník, J., & Lubin, Y. (2011). Armoured spiderman: morphological and behavioural adaptations of a specialised araneophagous predator (Araneae: Palpimanidae). Naturwissenschaften, 98 , 593–603.
Pérez-Miles, F., Guadanucci, J. P. L., Jurgilas, J. P., Becco, R., & Perafán, C. (2017). Morphology and evolution of scopula, pseudoscopula and claw tufts in Mygalomorphae (Araneae). Zoomorphology ,136 , 435–459.
Pérez-Miles, F., & Perafán, C. (2017). Behavior and biology of Mygalomorphae. In: Behaviour and ecology of spiders (eds Viera, C., & Gonzaga, M. O.). Springer. 29–54.
Pigot, A. L., Sheard, C., Miller, E. T., Bregman, T. P., Freeman, B. G., Roll, U., Seddon, N., Trisos, C. H., Weeks, B. C., & Tobias, J. A. (2020). Macroevolutionary convergence connects morphological form to ecological function in birds. Nature Ecology & Evolution ,4 , 230–239.
Ramírez, M. J., Magalhaes, I. L., Derkarabetian, S., Ledford, J., Griswold, C. E., Wood, H. M., & Hedin, M. (2021). Sequence capture phylogenomics of true spiders reveals convergent evolution of respiratory systems. Systematic Biology , 70 , 14–20.
Raven, R. J. (1983). Systematics of the Australian curtain-web spiders (Ischnothelinae: Dipluridae: Chelicerata). Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series , 31 , 1–102.
Raven, R. J. (1985). The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182 , 1–180.
Raven, R. J. (1986). A revision of the spider genus Sason simon (Sasoninae, Barychelidae, Mygalomorphae) and its historical biogeography. Journal of Arachnology, 14 , 47–70.
Read, A. F., & Nee, S. (1995). Inference from binary comparative data.Journal of Theoretical Biology , 173 , 99–108.
Rix, M. G., Cooper, S. J., Meusemann, K., Klopfstein, S., Harrison, S. E., Harvey, M. S., & Austin, A. D. (2017). Post-Eocene climate change across continental Australia and the diversification of Australasian spiny trapdoor spiders (Idiopidae: Arbanitinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , 109 , 302–320.
Rix, M. G., Huey, J. A., Cooper, S. J., Austin, A. D., & Harvey, M. S. (2018). Conservation systematics of the shield-backed trapdoor spiders of the nigrum -group (Mygalomorphae, Idiopidae, Idiosoma ): integrative taxonomy reveals a diverse and threatened fauna from south-western Australia. ZooKeys, 756 , 1–121.
Rix, M. G., Raven, R. J., Main, B. Y., Harrison, S. E., Austin, A. D., Cooper, S. J., & Harvey, M. S. (2017). The Australasian spiny trapdoor spiders of the family Idiopidae (Mygalomorphae: Arbanitinae): a relimitation and revision at the generic level. Invertebrate Systematics , 31 , 566–634.
Rix, M. G., Wilson, J. D., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Gruber, K., & Harvey, M. S. (2021). Diversification of the mygalomorph spider genusAname (Araneae: Anamidae) across the Australian arid zone: tracing the evolution and biogeography of a continent-wide radiation.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , 160 , 107127.
Sansalone, G., Castiglione, S., Raia, P., Archer, M., Dickson, B., Hand, S., Piras, P., Profico, A., & Wroe, S. (2020). Decoupling functional and morphological convergence, the study case of fossorial Mammalia.Frontiers in Earth Science , 8 , 112.
Schliep, K. P. (2011). Phangorn: phylogenetic analysis in R.Bioinformatics , 27 , 592–593.
Sereno, P. C. (2007). Logical basis for morphological characters in phylogenetics. Cladistics , 23 , 565–587.
Simpson, G. G. (1953). The major features of evolution. in The Major Features of Evolution . New York: Columbia University Press. 1–436.
Smith, S. A., & O’Meara, B. C. (2012). TreePL: divergence time estimation using penalized likelihood for large phylogenies.Bioinformatics , 28 , 2689–2690.
Stamatakis, A. (2014). RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics ,30 , 1312–1313.
Stayton, C. T. (2008). Is convergence surprising? An examination of the frequency of convergence in simulated datasets. Journal of Theoretical Biology , 252 , 1–14.
Stayton, C. T. (2015). What does convergent evolution mean? The interpretation of convergence and its implications in the search for limits to evolution. Interface Focus , 5 , 20150039.
Steves, I., Berliner, P., & Pinshow, B. (2021). Air temperature and humidity at the bottom of desert wolf spider burrows are not affected by surface conditions. Insects , 12 , 943.
Swofford, D. L., & Maddison, W. P. (1987). Reconstructing ancestral character states under Wagner parsimony. Mathematical Biosciences , 87 , 199–229.
Wilson, J. D., Bond, J. E., Harvey, M. S., Ramírez, M. J., & Rix, M. G. (2022a). Correlation with a limited set of behavioral niches explains the convergence of somatic morphology in mygalomorph spiders: Morphological data matrix and exemplar specimen information. Dryad Digital Repository. https://doi.org/XXXXX.
Wilson, J. D., Mongiardino Koch, N., & Ramírez, M. J. (2022b). Chronogram or phylogram for ancestral state estimation? Model‐fit statistics indicate the branch lengths underlying a binary character’s evolution. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 13 , 1679–1689.
Winemiller, K. O., Fitzgerald, D. B., Bower, L. M., & Pianka, E. R. (2015). Functional traits, convergent evolution, and periodic tables of niches. Ecology Letters , 18 , 737–751.
Wolff, J. O., & Gorb, S. N. (2012). Comparative morphology of pretarsal scopulae in eleven spider families. Arthropod Structure & Development , 41 , 419–433.
Wolff, J. O., & Gorb, S. N. (2016). Attachment structures and adhesive secretions in arachnids . Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 1–184.
Wolff, J. O., Nentwig, W., & Gorb, S. N. (2013). The great silk alternative: multiple co-evolution of web loss and sticky hairs in spiders. PLoS One , 8 , e62682.
Wolff, J. O., Paterno, G. B., Liprandi, D., Ramírez, M. J., Bosia, F., van der Meijden, A., Michalik, P., Smith, H. M., Jones, B. R., & Ravelo, A. M. (2019). Evolution of aerial spider webs coincided with repeated structural optimization of silk anchorages. Evolution ,73 , 2122–2134.