Data analysis
Based on direct and indirect signal transaction survey records, the presence / absence data matrix was generated and analyzed within the study areas and seasons. Individual-based rarefaction method was accustomed to quantify the richness of species and abundance by habitat type and season (Legese et al ., 2019; Qufa & Bekele, 2019; Geboet al ., 2021). Similarities within the formation of species between habitats were presented using the ven diagram. The summed abundance of the number of encounters of each species recorded along each transect for each habitat type in each season was used as the input for the individual-based richness computation. Chi-square (χ2) test, at 0.05 level of significance was used to evaluate differences in the abundance of mammal species between habitats and the typical seasonal difference in the abundance of medium and large-sized mammal species in the study area. Although, to get an idea of whole species richness in the habitats, Jackknife II species richness was calculated using PAST model 2.04 software (Hammer et al ., 2001). The richness of the species, diversity, and similarity of the species of mammals in the study area were analyzed using Shannon – Weaver diversity Index: H ’= −∑ PilnPi, where H ′ is Shannon’s indicator of diversity, Pi is the population of a particular species in the sample, and ln = natural logarithm of Simpson index rule: D = 1- ∑Pi2 was used (Shannon & Weaver, 1949). The Simpson variance index is as follows (1 - D) using the formula: J = H ′ / H ′ max, where H ′ is the indicator of variability and H ′ max = ln (S); S = number of species in each habitat; ln = natural logarithm was computerized to obtain balance and dominance among mammal species (Krebs, 2006).