Data analysis
Based on direct and indirect signal transaction survey records, the
presence / absence data matrix was generated and analyzed within the
study areas and seasons. Individual-based rarefaction method was
accustomed to quantify the richness of species and abundance by habitat
type and season (Legese et al ., 2019; Qufa & Bekele, 2019; Geboet al ., 2021). Similarities within the formation of species
between habitats were presented using the ven diagram. The summed
abundance of the number of encounters of each species recorded along
each transect for each habitat type in each season was used as the input
for the individual-based richness computation. Chi-square (χ2) test, at
0.05 level of significance was used to evaluate differences in the
abundance of mammal species between habitats and the typical seasonal
difference in the abundance of medium and large-sized mammal species in
the study area. Although, to get an idea of whole species richness in
the habitats, Jackknife II species richness was calculated using PAST
model 2.04 software (Hammer et al ., 2001). The richness of the
species, diversity, and similarity of the species of mammals in the
study area were analyzed using Shannon – Weaver diversity Index: H ’=
−∑ PilnPi, where H ′ is Shannon’s indicator of diversity, Pi is the
population of a particular species in the sample, and ln = natural
logarithm of Simpson index rule: D = 1- ∑Pi2 was used (Shannon &
Weaver, 1949). The Simpson variance index is as follows (1 - D) using
the formula: J = H ′ / H ′ max, where H ′ is the indicator of
variability and H ′ max = ln (S); S = number of species in each habitat;
ln = natural logarithm was computerized to obtain balance and dominance
among mammal species (Krebs, 2006).