References

1. Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of asthma. Nat Immunol.2015;16(1):45-56.
2. Weidinger S, Beck LA, Bieber T, Kabashima K, Irvine AD. Atopic dermatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):1.
3. Saleem MD, Oussedik E, D’Amber V, Feldman SR. Interleukin-31 pathway and its role in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. J Dermatolog Treat. 2017;28(7):591-599.
4. Demey L, Van Muylem A, Perez-Bogerd S, Haccuria A, Michils A. Combined effects of type 2 inflammation and lung function on exhaled nitric oxide ability to reflect asthma control. Eur Resp J.2019;54(suppl 63):PA2617.
5. van Rijt L, von Richthofen H, van Ree R. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells: at the cross-roads in allergic asthma. Semin Immunopathol.2016;38(4):483-496.
6. Karta MR, Broide DH, Doherty TA. Insights into group 2 innate lymphoid cells in human airway disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep.2016;16(1):8.
7. Brusselle GG, Maes T, Bracke KR. Eosinophils in the spotlight: Eosinophilic airway inflammation in nonallergic asthma. Nat Med.2013;19(8):977-979.
8. Moyle M, Cevikbas F, Harden JL, Guttman-Yassky E. Understanding the immune landscape in atopic dermatitis: The era of biologics and emerging therapeutic approaches. Exp Dermatol. 2019;28(7):756-768.
9. Cardell LO, Stjärne P, Jonstam K, Bachert C. Endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: Impact on management. J Allergy Clin Immunol.2020;145(3):752-756.
10. Song WJ, Lee JH, Won HK, Bachert C. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in older adults: Clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and comorbidity. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2019;19(10):46.
11. O’Shea KM, Aceves SS, Dellon ES, et al. Pathophysiology of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(2):333-345.
12. Rothenberg ME. Molecular, genetic, and cellular bases for treating eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology.2015;148(6):1143-1157.
13. Wechsler JB, Bryce PJ. Allergic mechanisms in eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2014;43(2):281-296.
14. Yu W, Freeland DMH, Nadeau KC. Food allergy: immune mechanisms, diagnosis and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol.2016;16(12):751-765.
15. Kocatürk E, Maurer M, Metz M, Grattan C. Looking forward to new targeted treatments for chronic spontaneous urticaria.Clin Transl Allergy.2017;7(1):1.
16. Bachert C, Hellings PW, Mullol J, et al. Atopic Ccomorbidities and biomarkers of type 2 inflammation in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) who failed intranasal corticosteroids. JAllergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(2):AB90.
17. Blöndal V, Sundbom F, Borres MP, et al. Study of atopic multimorbidity in subjects with rhinitis using multiplex allergen component analysis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2020;10:6.
18. Brown-Whitehorn TF, Spergel JM. The link between allergies and eosinophilic esophagitis: implications for management strategies.Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2010;6(1):101-109.
19. Capucilli P, Hill DA. Allergic comorbidity in eosinophilic Esophagitis: Mechanistic Relevance and Clinical Implications. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019;57(1):111-127.
20. Jyonouchi S, Brown-Whitehorn TA, Spergel JM. Association of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders with other atopic disorders.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2009;29(1):85-97.
21. Khan A, Vandeplas G, Huynh TMT, et al. The Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GALEN) rhinosinusitis cohort: a large European cross-sectional study of chronic rhinosinusitis patients with and without nasal polyps. Rhinology. 2019;57(1):32-42.
22. Mortz CG, Andersen KE, Dellgren C, Barington T, Bindslev-Jensen C. Atopic dermatitis from adolescence to adulthood in the TOACS cohort: prevalence, persistence and comorbidities. Allergy.2015;70(7):836-845.
23. Ravnborg N, Ambikaibalan D, Agnihotri G, et al. Prevalence of asthma in patients with atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020.
24. Rondón C, Doña I, Torres MJ, Campo P, Blanca M. Evolution of patients with nonallergic rhinitis supports conversion to allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(5):1098-1102.
25. Tan BK, Chandra RK, Pollak J, et al. Incidence and associated premorbid diagnoses of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(5):1350-1360.
26. Tan RA, Corren J. The relationship of rhinitis and asthma, sinusitis, food allergy, and eczema. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2011;31(3):481-491.
27. Toppila-Salmi S, Chanoine S, Karjalainen J, Pekkanen J, Bousquet J, Siroux V. Risk of adult-onset asthma increases with the number of allergic multimorbidities and decreases with age. Allergy.2019;74(12):2406-2416.
28. Pullerits T, Rönmark EP, Ekerljung L, et al. The triad of current asthma, rhinitis and eczema is uncommon among adults: Prevalence, sensitization profiles, and risk factors. Respir Med.2020;176:106250.
29. Wollenberg A, Blauvelt A, Guttman-Yassky E, et al. Tralokinumab for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: results from two 52-week, randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase III trials (ECZTRA 1 and ECZTRA 2). Br J Dermatol. 2020.
30. Guttman-Yassky E, Blauvelt A, Eichenfield LF, et al. Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab, a high-affinity interleukin 13 inhibitor, in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: A phase 2b randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156(4):411-420.
31. Simpson EL, Flohr C, Eichenfield LF, et al. Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab (an anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody) in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis inadequately controlled by topical corticosteroids: A randomized, placebo-controlled phase II trial (TREBLE). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(5):863-871.e811.
32. Li H, Wang K, Huang H, Cheng W, Liu X. A meta-analysis of anti-interleukin-13 monoclonal antibodies for uncontrolled asthma.PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0211790.
33. Simpson EL, Bieber T, Guttman-Yassky E, et al. Two phase 3 trials of dupilumab versus placebo in atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med.2016;375(24):2335-2348.
34. Castro M, Corren J, Pavord ID, et al. Dupilumab efficacy and safety in moderate-to-severe uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med.2018;378(26):2486-2496.
35. Bachert C, Han JK, Desrosiers M, et al. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (LIBERTY NP SINUS-24 and LIBERTY NP SINUS-52): results from two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2019;394(10209):1638-1650.
36. Farne HA, Wilson A, Powell C, Bax L, Milan SJ. Anti-IL5 therapies for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9(9):Cd010834.
37. Bleecker ER, FitzGerald JM, Chanez P, et al. Efficacy and safety of benralizumab for patients with severe asthma uncontrolled with high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β(2)-agonists (SIROCCO): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.Lancet. 2016;388(10056):2115-2127.
38. Oldhoff JM, Darsow U, Werfel T, et al. Anti-IL-5 recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody (mepolizumab) for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2005;60(5):693-696.
39. Hirano I, Collins MH, Assouline-Dayan Y, et al. RPC4046, a monoclonal antibody against IL13, reduces histologic and endoscopic activity in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis.Gastroenterology. 2019;156(3):592-603.e510.
40. Hirano I, Dellon ES, Hamilton JD, et al. Efficacy of dupilumab in a phase 2 randomized trial of adults with active eosinophilic esophagitis.Gastroenterology. 2020;158(1):111-122.e110.
41. Stein ML, Collins MH, Villanueva JM, et al. Anti-IL-5 (mepolizumab) therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol.2006;118(6):1312-1319.
42. Loizou D, Enav B, Komlodi-Pasztor E, et al. A pilot study of omalizumab in eosinophilic esophagitis. PLoS One.2015;10(3):e0113483.
43. Furue M, Yamamura K, Kido-Nakahara M, Nakahara T, Fukui Y. Emerging role of interleukin-31 and interleukin-31 receptor in pruritus in atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2018;73(1):29-36.
44. Nakajima S, Kabata H, Kabashima K, Asano K. Anti-TSLP antibodies: Targeting a master regulator of type 2 immune responses. Allergol Int. 2020;69(2):197-203.
45. Silkoff PE, Laviolette M, Singh D, et al. Identification of airway mucosal type 2 inflammation by using clinical biomarkers in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(3):710-719.
46. Maniu AA, Perde-Schrepler MI, Tatomir CB, et al. Latest advances in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps endotyping and biomarkers, and their significance for daily practice. Rom J Morphol Embryol.2020;61(2):309-320.
47. Lambert KA, Jhaveri P, Jhaveri P. Biomarkers and therapeutic targets: microRNA roles in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of eosinophilic esophagitis.J Transl Genet Genom.2018;2:11.
48. Hsu C, BA S. The Delphi technique: Making sense of consensus.Pract Assess Res Eval.2007;12:1-8.
49. Boguniewicz M, Beck LA, Sher L, et al. Dupilumab improves asthma and sinonasal outcomes in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis.