Animal collaring
We captured deer during the 2016 – 2019 winters (Supporting Information); 177 yearling and adult males were ear-tagged and fitted with GPS collars (G2110E Iridium, ATS; GPS/GSM ES400, CTT) following non-lethal surgical vasectomies to sterilize male deer for population reduction (Supporting Information: reduced 2,053 to 1,616 deer throughout the study period). Ten female deer were fitted with GPS/GSM (ES400, CTT) collars to complement the male location data during the 2019 winter.