Figure 2. (a) The used and available habitats and time of day
use of landcover types for deer population across sexes. The proportion
of habitat types used are shown by the top bars with light coloring and
the proportion of habitats available for use are shown by the bottom
darker colored bars. The diagonal lines indicate daytime use for each
respective landcover type whereas the solid color signifies nighttime
use. (b) The area and diversity of landcover types within each deer home
range. The deer IDs are ordered along the y-axis by increasing habitat
diversity within their home range (top IDs have the highest Simpson’s
diversity index and bottom IDs have the lowest Simpson’s diversity
index). The asterisks indicate the 27 individuals that were included in
the iSSA model using the fine thematic landcover layer and the symbol indicates female deer.
Figure 3. A showcase of the relationship between habitat
selection and space use across individual deer and simulated dispersal
probabilities. (a) Observed home ranges and the proportion of each
landcover type within an individual’s home range for IDs 1151 (top
panel: purple polygon), 1150 (middle panel: red polygon), and 1093
(bottom panel: yellow polygon). The matched-color triangles highlight
the same example individuals in the plot in (b) and the colored box
outlines in (c). (b) Relative selection strength of male and female deer
(n = 27) of fine thematic resolution landcover types during
breeding seasons 2016 – 2021. The dashed line indicates a coefficient
of 0. Points with confidence intervals above the dashed line signify
positive selection in reference to forested landcover and points with
intervals below the dashed line show negative selection in reference to
forest. Deer sex is shown by symbol shape and vertical lines show 95%
confidence intervals around coefficient estimates. (c) Simulated
dispersal kernels informed by iSSA movement and habitat selection
coefficient values where dark colors represent low probability of future
dispersal and light colors indicate high probabilities of future
dispersal across the landcover types indicated in the legend.
Figure 4. The estimated speed (average displacement distance),
directionality (cosine (turning angle) β coefficient), and step length
(step length β coefficient) for all female (top) and male deer (bottom)
across all seasons in natural and urban landcover types. Parameter
estimates were derived from model 4. Boxplots with 95% confidence
intervals are shown with the bootstrapped point estimates from each
individual model. The transparency of the points and 95% confidence
interval lines display the inverse variance values for each coefficient
estimate where darker points indicate more certain estimates with higher
inverse variance values.