Animal collaring
We captured deer during the 2016 – 2019 winters (Supporting
Information); 177 yearling and adult males were ear-tagged and fitted
with GPS collars (G2110E Iridium, ATS; GPS/GSM ES400, CTT) following
non-lethal surgical vasectomies to sterilize male deer for population
reduction (Supporting Information: reduced 2,053 to 1,616 deer
throughout the study period). Ten female deer were fitted with GPS/GSM
(ES400, CTT) collars to complement the male location data during the
2019 winter.