Figure 2. (a) The used and available habitats and time of day use of landcover types for deer population across sexes. The proportion of habitat types used are shown by the top bars with light coloring and the proportion of habitats available for use are shown by the bottom darker colored bars. The diagonal lines indicate daytime use for each respective landcover type whereas the solid color signifies nighttime use. (b) The area and diversity of landcover types within each deer home range. The deer IDs are ordered along the y-axis by increasing habitat diversity within their home range (top IDs have the highest Simpson’s diversity index and bottom IDs have the lowest Simpson’s diversity index). The asterisks indicate the 27 individuals that were included in the iSSA model using the fine thematic landcover layer and the  symbol indicates female deer.
Figure 3. A showcase of the relationship between habitat selection and space use across individual deer and simulated dispersal probabilities. (a) Observed home ranges and the proportion of each landcover type within an individual’s home range for IDs 1151 (top panel: purple polygon), 1150 (middle panel: red polygon), and 1093 (bottom panel: yellow polygon). The matched-color triangles highlight the same example individuals in the plot in (b) and the colored box outlines in (c). (b) Relative selection strength of male and female deer (n = 27) of fine thematic resolution landcover types during breeding seasons 2016 – 2021. The dashed line indicates a coefficient of 0. Points with confidence intervals above the dashed line signify positive selection in reference to forested landcover and points with intervals below the dashed line show negative selection in reference to forest. Deer sex is shown by symbol shape and vertical lines show 95% confidence intervals around coefficient estimates. (c) Simulated dispersal kernels informed by iSSA movement and habitat selection coefficient values where dark colors represent low probability of future dispersal and light colors indicate high probabilities of future dispersal across the landcover types indicated in the legend.
Figure 4. The estimated speed (average displacement distance), directionality (cosine (turning angle) β coefficient), and step length (step length β coefficient) for all female (top) and male deer (bottom) across all seasons in natural and urban landcover types. Parameter estimates were derived from model 4. Boxplots with 95% confidence intervals are shown with the bootstrapped point estimates from each individual model. The transparency of the points and 95% confidence interval lines display the inverse variance values for each coefficient estimate where darker points indicate more certain estimates with higher inverse variance values.