References
1. Schwartzman D: Atrioventricular block and atrioventricular dissociation. In Zipes, DP;Jalife J, ed: Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside. 4th ed. Philadelphia: PA:Saunders/Elsevier, 2004, pp. p485-489.
2. Aro AL, Anttonen O, Kerola T, et al.: Prognostic significance of prolonged PR interval in the general population. 2014; :123–129.
3. Kwok CS, Rashid M, Beynon R, et al.: Prolonged PR interval , fi rst-degree heart block and adverse cardiovascular outcomes : a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2016; :1–9.
4. Cheng S, Keyes MJ, Larson MG, et al.: Long-term Outcomes in Individuals With Prolonged PR Interval or First-Degree Atrioventricular Block. 2013; 301:2571–2577.
5. Holmqvist F, Daubert JP: First-degree AV block - An entirely benign finding or a potentially curable cause of cardiac disease? Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 2013; 18:215–224.
6. Uhm J-S, Shim J, Wi J, et al.: First-degree atrioventricular block is associated with advanced atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with hypertension. Journal of hypertension 2014; 32:1115–1120; discussion 1120.
7. Smith JW, O’Neal WT, Shoemaker MB, et al.: PR-Interval Components and Atrial Fibrillation Risk (from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study). American Journal of Cardiology Elsevier Ltd, 2017; 119:466–472.
8. Cheng M, Lu X, Huang J, Zhang S, Gu D: Electrocardiographic PR prolongation and atrial fibrillation risk: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 2015; 26:36–41.
9. Friedman DJ, Bao H, Spatz ES, Curtis JP, Daubert JP, Al-Khatib SM: Association between a Prolonged PR Interval and Outcomes of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A Report from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. Circulation 2016; 134:1617–1628.
10. Higuchi S, Minami Y, Shoda M, et al.: Prognostic implication of first-degree atrioventricular block in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American Heart Association 2020; 9:1–11.
11. Crisel RK, Farzaneh-Far R, Na B, Whooley MA: First-degree atrioventricular block is associated with heart failure and death in persons with stable coronary artery disease: Data from the Heart and Soul Study. European Heart Journal 2011; 32:1875–1880.
12. Magnani JW, Wang N, Nelson KP, et al.: Electrocardiographic PR interval and adverse outcomes in older adults: The health, aging, and body composition study. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology 2013; 6:84–90.
13. Vad R, Larsen TM, Kildegaard H, et al.: PR interval prolongation and 1-year mortality among emergency department patients: A multicentre transnational cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:1–6.
14. Magnani JW, Gorodeski EZ, Johnson VM, et al.: P wave duration is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality outcomes: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Heart rhythm 2011; 8:93–100.
15. Soliman EZ, Cammarata M, Li Y: Explaining the inconsistent associations of PR interval with mortality: The role of P-duration contribution to the length of PR interval. Heart Rhythm Elsevier, 2014; 11:93–98.
16. Schnittger I, Appleton CP, Hatle LK, Popp RL: Diastolic mitral and tricuspid regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography in patients with atrioventricular block: New insight into the mechanism of atrioventricular valve closure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology Elsevier Masson SAS, 1988; 11:83–88.
17. Ishikawa T, Kimura K, Miyazaki N, et al.: Diastolic mitral regurgitation in patients with first-degree atrioventricular block. PACE - Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 1992; 15:1927–1931.
18. Zile MR, Tomita M, Ishihara K, et al.: Changes in diastolic function during development and correction of chronic LV volume overload produced by mitral regurgitation. Circulation 1993; 87:1378–1388.
19. Zile MR, Tomita M, Nakano K, et al.: Effects of left ventricular volume overload produced by mitral regurgitation on diastolic function. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology 1991; 261:1471–1480.
20. Kurisu S, Nitta K, Sumimoto Y, et al.: Implications of electrocardiographic frontal QRS axis on left ventricular diastolic parameters derived from electrocardiogram-gated myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography. Annals of Nuclear Medicine Springer Japan, 2018; 32:404–409.
21. Nielsen JB, Pietersen A, Graff C, et al.: Risk of atrial fibrillation as a function of the electrocardiographic PR interval: Results from the Copenhagen ECG Study. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10:1249–1256.
22. Salden FCWM, Kutyifa V, Stockburger M, Prinzen FW, Vernooy K: Atrioventricular dromotropathy: Evidence for a distinctive entity in heart failure with prolonged PR interval. Europace 2018; 20:1067–1077.
23. Nishimura RA, Hayes DL, Holmes DR, Tajik J: Mechanism of hemodynamic improvement by dual-chamber pacing for severe left ventricular dysfunction: An acute Doppler and catheterization hemodynamic study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology Elsevier Masson SAS, 1995; 25:281–288.
24. Olshansky B, Day JD, Sullivan RM, Yong P, Galle E, Steinberg JS: Does cardiac resynchronization therapy provide unrecognized benefit in patients with prolonged PR intervals? the impact of restoring atrioventricular synchrony: An analysis from the COMPANION Trial. Heart Rhythm Elsevier Inc., 2012; 9:34–39.
25. Lin J, Buhr KA, Kipp R: Effect of PR Interval on Outcomes Following Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A Secondary Analysis of the COMPANION Trial. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2017; 28:185–191.
26. Zile MR, Brutsaert DL: New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: Part I: diagnosis, prognosis, and measurements of diastolic function. Circulation 2002; 105:1387–1393.
27. Badano LP, Albanese MC, De Biaggio P, et al.: Prevalence, clinical characteristics, quality of life, and prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure and isolated left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 2004; 17:253–261.
28. Wan SH, Vogel MW, Chen HH: Pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2014; 63:407–416.
29. Kuznetsova T, Bogaert P, Kloch-Badelek M, Thijs D, Thijs L, Staessen JA: Association of left ventricular diastolic function with systolic dyssynchrony: A population study. European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging 2013; 14:471–479.
30. Stockburger M, Moss AJ, Klein HU, et al.: Sustained clinical benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy in non-LBBB patients with prolonged PR-interval: MADIT-CRT long-term follow-up. Clinical Research in Cardiology Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016; 105:944–952.
31. Kutyifa V, Stockburger M, Daubert JP, et al.: PR Interval identifies clinical response in patients with non-left bundle branch block a multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial-cardiac resynchronization therapy substudy. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology 2014; 7:645–651.
32. Aron L, Hertzeanu H: Prolonged PR interval associated with an abnormal frontal plane QRS axis as an electrocardiographic criterion of left ventricular function. International Journal of Cardiology 1988; 19:327–334.
33. Chen LY, Ribeiro ALP, Platonov PG, et al.: P Wave Parameters and Indices: A Critical Appraisal of Clinical Utility, Challenges, and Future Research—A Consensus Document Endorsed by the International Society of Electrocardiology and the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardio. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology 2022; 15:E010435.
34. Schiros CG, Ahmed MI, McGiffin DC, et al.: Mitral Annular Kinetics, Left Atrial, and Left Ventricular Diastolic Function Post Mitral Valve Repair in Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 2015; 2:1–7.
35. John B, Stiles MK, Kuklik P, et al.: Reverse remodeling of the atria after treatment of chronic stretch in humans: implications for the atrial fibrillation substrate. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2010; 55:1217–1226.