Null models
In the current study, null models consist of SDMs comparing the addition of the known interacting species of the modelled bee to the addition of any other visited plant or a bee that is parasitized on (fig. 1; Appendix S3). These null models allow us to distinguish the specificity of the relations as opposed to emerging relations due to shared habitats or similar sampling locations (e.g., plants and bees may be sampled in similar areas). The null models with the interacting species at species and genus level resulted in a total of 263,952 models for the flower visiting bees and 21,200 for the cleptoparasitic bees (Appendix S3). The evaluation AUC of the model with the interacting species was ranked among the null models per species and the percentage rank was compared among groups. We analysed per species the ranking of the model with the interacting species compared to the models with random interactions and calculated the percentage of modelled species that were among the 5% and 25% best performing models.