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\begin{document}

\title{Preparation of coemissive luminescent nanoparticles in continuous-flow
microreactors for efficient light-harvesting systems}



\author[1]{Andrea Pucci}%
\affil[1]{University of Pisa}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\textbf{Preparation of coemissive luminescent nanoparticles in
continuous-flow microreactors for efficient light-harvesting systems}

Andrea Pucci

\emph{Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of
Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy. Email:
andrea.pucci@unipi.it}

\textbf{KEYWORDS}

CEAA dyes, microreactor, light-harvesting, FRET.

To address the energy challenges, scientists have designed various
artificial light-harvesting systems inspired by photosynthesis. Notably,
for light-harvesting systems, an energy-transfer efficiency close to
100\% with an antenna effect greater than 10 is generally considered a
good application criterion.\textsuperscript{1} Today, building an
efficient light-harvesting system at a low cost is still demanding.

Recently, Tao et al. prepared a series of coemissive luminescent
nanoparticles (called CEAA dyes) using ordinary aggregation-caused
quenching (ACQ) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE)
dyes.\textsuperscript{2} The CEAA dye system provides an efficient
F\selectlanguage{ngerman}örster resonance energy transfer (FRET) platform. The authors
constructed an effective light-harvesting system with energy-transfer
and antenna efficiencies of 99.37\% and 26.23, respectively, using
tetraphenylene (TPE), coumarin 6 (C-6), and Nile red (NiR) as raw
materials (Figure 1B, C). There have been excellent reports on the
co-emission of AIE and ACQ dyes in the
literature.\textsuperscript{3,4}In this paper, the authors adjusted the
content of the energy intermediate C-6, which resulted in CEAA
nanoparticles with a controlled FRET composition. For more efficient
mass transfer, CEAA dyes were synthesized in a continuous-flow
microreactor (Figure 1A), and the luminescence composition can be easily
adjusted on demand.\selectlanguage{english}
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\textbf{FIGURE 1} (A) Schematic diagram of the preparation of CEAA dyes.
(B) Energy transfer of the three dyes. (C) Performance of
light-harvesting system.\textsuperscript{2}

In addition, the researchers conducted a series of experimental and
simulation studies on the mechanism of CEAA dye synthesis. The key to
synthesizing CEAA dyes is the appropriate concentration difference
between different dyes. Due to the principle of ``like dissolves like'',
the dyes that precipitate first encapsulate the dyes that have not yet
precipitated, thus preventing further (self)-aggregation of the latter.
The authors used the experimental methodology as a guide to achieving an
efficient light-harvesting system and demonstrated the versatility of
CEAA dye preparation.

This work discusses the synthetic approach for preparing CEAA dyes by
antisolvent precipitation, which is enlightening for obtaining
coemissive luminescent nanoparticles. In addition, the controlled
cascade FRET process provides new ideas for developing novel luminescent
materials for a very vast range of applications. Future work should
focus on the stability of CEAA dyes, their application areas, and the
exploitation of their synthetic approaches.

\textbf{REFERENCES}

1. H. Q. Peng, L. Y. Niu, Y. Z. Chen, L. Z. Wu, C. H. Tung, Q. Z.
Yang,\emph{Chem. Rev.} \textbf{2015} , \emph{115} , 7502-42.

2. C. Li, Q. Liu, S. Tao, \emph{Nat. Commun.} \textbf{2022} , \emph{13}
, 6034.

3. Y. Li, Y. Dong, L. Cheng, C. Qin, H. Nian, H. Zhang, Y. Yu, L.
Cao,\emph{J. Am. Chem. Soc.} \textbf{2019} , \emph{141} , 8412-8415.

4. D. Li, Y. Zhang, Z. Fan, J. Chen, J. Yu, \emph{Chem.
Sci.}\textbf{2015} , \emph{6} , 6097-6101.

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