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\begin{document}

\title{A New Lake Classification System based on Thermal Profiles to Better
Understand the Most Dominant Lake Type on Earth}



\author[1]{Bernard Yang}%
\author[2]{Mathew Wells}%
\author[3]{Bailey McMeans}%
\author[4]{Hilary A. Dugan}%
\author[5]{James A. Rusak}%
\author[6]{Gesa A Weyhenmeyer}%
\author[7]{Jennifer A. Brentrup}%
\author[8]{Allison R. Hrycik}%
\author[9]{Alo Laas}%
\author[10]{Rachel M Pilla}%
\author[11]{Jay A. Austin}%
\author[12]{Paul Blanchfield}%
\author[13]{Cayelan Carey}%
\author[14]{Matthew M Guzzo}%
\author[15]{Noah R Lottig}%
\author[16]{Murray Mackay}%
\author[17]{Trevor A. Middel}%
\author[18]{Don Pierson}%
\author[19]{Junbo Wang}%
\author[20]{Joelle Young}%
\affil[1]{Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada}%
\affil[2]{Univeristy of Toronto}%
\affil[3]{University of Toronto - Mississauga}%
\affil[4]{University of Wisconsin–Madison}%
\affil[5]{Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change}%
\affil[6]{Ecology and Genetics/Limnology}%
\affil[7]{Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, USA}%
\affil[8]{Rubenstein Ecosystem Science Laboratory, University of Vermont, Vermont, USA}%
\affil[9]{Estonian University of Life Sciences}%
\affil[10]{Miami University}%
\affil[11]{University of Minnesota}%
\affil[12]{Department of Biology, Queen's Univeristy}%
\affil[13]{Virginia Tech}%
\affil[14]{University of Guelph}%
\affil[15]{University of Wisconsin-Madison}%
\affil[16]{Environment Canada}%
\affil[17]{Harkness Laboratory of Fisheries Research, Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada}%
\affil[18]{Uppsala University}%
\affil[19]{Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[20]{Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Lakes are traditionally classified based on their thermal regime and
trophic status. While this classification adequately captures many
lakes, it is not sufficient to understand seasonally ice-covered lakes,
the most common lake type on Earth. Here, we propose an additional
classification to differentiate under-ice stratification. When ice forms
in smaller and deeper lakes, inverse stratification will form with a
thin buoyant layer of cold water (near 0\textsuperscript{o}C) below the
ice, which remains above a deeper 4\textsuperscript{o}C layer. In
contrast, the entire water column can cool to
\textasciitilde{}0\textsuperscript{o}C in larger and shallower lakes. We
suggest these alternative conditions for dimictic lakes be termed
``cryostratified'' and ``cryomictic.'' We describe the inverse thermal
stratification in 19 highly varying lakes and derive a model that
predicts the temperature profile as a function of wind stress, area, and
depth. The model opens up for a more precise prediction of lake
responses to a warming climate.%
\end{abstract}%



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