References
- Vlachos K, Denis A, Takigawa M, et al. The role of Marshall bundle
epicardial connections in atrial tachycardias after atrial
fibrillation ablation. Heart Rhythm 2019;16:1341–1347.
- Takigawa M, Derval N, Martin CA, et al. Mechanism of recurrence of
atrial tachycardia: comparison between first versus redo procedures in
a high-resolution mapping system. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol
2020;13:e007273.
- Deisenhofer I, Estner H, Zrenner B, et al. Left atrial tachycardia
after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation for atrial fibrillation:
incidence, electrophysiological characteristics, and results of
radiofrequency ablation. Europace 2006;8:573–582.
- Haissaguerre M, Hocini M, Sanders P, et al. Catheter ablation of
long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation: clinical outcome and
mechanisms of subsequent arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol
2005;16:1138–1147.
- Chugh A, Oral H, Lemola K, et al. Prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical
significance of macroreentrant atrial tachycardia during and following
left atrial ablation for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm
2005;2:464–471.
- Jaïs P, Shah DC, Haïssaguerre M, Hocini M, Peng JT, Takahashi A,
Garrigue S, Le Métayer P, Clémenty J. Mapping and ablation of left
atrial flutters. Circulation. 2000 Jun 27;101(25):2928-34.
- Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, et al. HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE
expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial
fibrillation. Europace. 2017;2018(20):e1‐e160.
- Rostock T, Drewitz I, Steven D, et al. Characterization, mapping, and
catheter ablation of recurrent atrial tachycardias after stepwise
ablation of long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm
Electrophysiol 2010;3:160–9.
- Wasmer K, Monnig G, Bittner A, et al. Incidence, characteristics, and
outcome of left atrial tachycardias after circumferential antral
ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2012;9:1660–6.
- Hermida A, Kubala M, Traulle S, et al. Prevalence and predictive
factors of left atrial tachycardia occurring after second-generation
cryoballoon ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc
Electrophysiol 2018;29:46–54.
- Matsuo S, Lim KT, Haissaguerre M. Ablation of chronic atrial
fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2007 Nov;4(11):1461-3.
- Fassini G, Riva S, Chiodelli R, Trevisi N, Berti M, Carbucicchio C, et
al. Left mitral isthmus ablation associated with PV isolation:
long-term results of a prospective randomized study. J Cardiovasc
Electrophysiol. 2005;16(11):1150–6.
- Chae S, Oral H, Good E, et al. Atrial tachycardia after
circumferential pulmonary vein ablation of atrial fibrillation:
mechanistic insights, results of catheter ablation, and risk factors
for recurrence. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1781‐1787.
- Becker AE. Left atrial isthmus: anatomic aspects relevant for linear
catheter ablation procedures in humans. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.
2004;15:809‐12.
- Latcu DG, Squara F, Massaad Y, Bun SS, Saoudi N, Marchlinski FE.
Electroanatomic characteristics of the mitral isthmus associated with
successful mitral isthmus ablation. Europace. 2016 Feb;18(2):274-80.
- Leshem E, Zilberman I, Tschabrunn CM, Barkagan M, Contreras-Valdes FM,
Govari A, et al. High-power and short-duration ablation for pulmonary
vein isolation: biophysical characterization. JACC: Clin
Electrophysiol. 2018;4(4):467–79.
- Chauvin M, Shah DC, Haissaguerre M, Marcellin L, Brechenmacher C. The
anatomic basis of connections between the coronary sinus musculature
and the left atrium in humans. Circulation. 2000;101(6):647–52.
- Wittkampf FH, van Oosterhout MF, Loh P, Derksen R, Vonken EJ, Slootweg
PJ, et al. Where to draw the mitral isthmus line in catheter ablation
of atrial fibrillation: histological analysis. Eur Heart J.
2005;26(7):689–95.
- Wong KC, Jones M, Qureshi N, Sadarmin PP, De Bono J, Rajappan K, et
al. Balloon occlusion of the distal coronary sinus facilitates mitral
isthmus ablation. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8(6):833–9.
- Wong KC, Jones M, Sadarmin PP, De Bono J, Qureshi N, Rajappan K, et
al. Larger coronary sinus diameter predicts the need for epicardial
delivery during mitral isthmus ablation. Europace. 2011;13(4):555–61.
- Kim DT, Lai AC, Hwang C, Fan LT, Karagueuzian HS, Chen PS, et al. The
ligament of Marshall: a structural analysis in human hearts with
implications for atrial arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2000;36(4):1324–7.
- Matsuo S, Wright M, Knecht S, Nault I, Lellouche N, Lim KT, et al.
Peri-mitral atrial flutter in patients with atrial fibrillation
ablation. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(1):2–8.
- Weerasooriya R, Jais P, Wright M, Matsuo S, Knecht S, Nault I, et al.
Catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia following atrial fibrillation
ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20(7):833–8.
- Anousheh R, Sawhney NS, Panutich M, Tate C, Chen WC, Feld GK. Effect
of mitral isthmus block on development of atrial tachycardia following
ablation for atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.
2010;33(4):460–8.
- Baez-Escudero JL, Morales PF, Dave AS, Sasaridis CM, KimYH, Okishige
K, et al. Ethanol infusion in the vein of Marshall facilitates mitral
isthmus ablation. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9(8):1207–15.
- Briceno DF, Valderrabano M. Recurrent perimitral flutter due to vein
of Marshall epicardial connections bypassing the mitral isthmus:
response to ethanol infusion. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol.
2014;7(5):988–9.
- Takahashi Y, Jais P, Hocini M, Sanders P, Rotter M, Rostock T, et al.
Acute occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery during mitral
isthmus linear ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.
2005;16(10):1104–7.
- Wong KC, Lim C, Sadarmin PP, Jones M, Qureshi N, De Bono J, et al.
High incidence of acute sub-clinical circumflex artery ‘injury’
following mitral isthmus ablation. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(15):1881–90.
- Gunawardene MA, Schaeffer BN, Jularic M, Eickholt C, Maurer T, Akbulak
RÖ, Flindt M, Anwar O, Hartmann J, Willems S. Coronary Spasm During
Pulsed Field Ablation of the Mitral Isthmus Line. JACC Clin
Electrophysiol. 2021 Dec;7(12):1618-1620.
- Aldass O, Lupercio F, Lin AY, et al. Ablation of mitral annular
flutter ablation utilizing a left atrial anterior line versus a
lateral mitral isthmus line: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J
Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2022;63(1):87–95.
- Feld GK. Alternative Approaches for Ablation of the Mitral Isthmus for
Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2022
Mar;8(3):377-379.
- Di Biase L, Mohanty S, Trivedi C, et al. Stroke risk in patients with
atrial fibrillation undergoing electrical isolation of the left atrial
appendage. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:1019–1028.
- Cho Y, Lee W, Park EA, Oh IY, Choi EK, Seo JW, et al. The anatomical
characteristics of three different endocardial lines in the left
atrium: evaluation by computed tomography prior to mitral isthmus
block attempt. Europace. 2012;14(8):1104–11.
- Maurer T, Metzner A, Ho SY, et al. Catheter ablation of the
superolateral mitral isthmus line: a novel approach to reduce the need
for epicardial ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2017;10.