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\begin{document}

\title{Challenges and Capabilities in Estimating Snow Mass Intercepted in
Conifer Canopies with Tree Sway Monitoring}



\author[1,1]{Mark S. Raleigh}%
\author[2,2]{Ethan D. Gutmann}%
\author[3,3]{John T Van Stan}%
\author[4,4]{Sean P. Burns}%
\author[4,4]{Peter D Blanken}%
\author[4,4]{Eric E. Small}%
\affil[1]{Oregon State University}%
\affil[2]{National Center for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)}%
\affil[3]{Georgia Southern University}%
\affil[4]{University of Colorado Boulder}%


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  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Snowpack accumulation in forested watersheds depends on the amount of
snow intercepted in the canopy and its partitioning into sublimation,
unloading, and melt. A lack of canopy snow measurements limits our
ability to evaluate models that simulate canopy processes and predict
snowpack and water supply. Here, we tested whether monitoring changes in
wind-induced tree sway can enable snow interception detection and
estimation of canopy snow water equivalent (SWE). We monitored hourly
tree sway across six years based on 12 Hz accelerometer observations on
two subalpine conifer trees in Colorado. We developed an approach to
distinguish changes in sway frequency due to thermal effects on tree
rigidity versus intercepted snow mass. Over 60\% of days with canopy
snow had a sway signal in the range of possible thermal effects.
However, when tree sway decreased outside the range of thermal effects,
canopy snow was present 93-95\% of the time, as confirmed with
classifications of PhenoCam imagery. Using sway tests, we converted
significant changes in sway to canopy SWE, which was correlated with
total snowstorm amounts from a nearby SNOTEL site (Spearman r=0.72 to
0.80, p\textless{}0.001). Greater canopy SWE was associated with storm
temperatures between -7 C and 0 C and wind speeds less than 4 m/s. Lower
canopy SWE prevailed in storms with lower temperatures and higher wind
speeds. We conclude that monitoring tree sway is a viable approach for
quantifying canopy SWE, but challenges remain in converting changes in
sway to mass and further distinguishing thermal and mass effects on tree
sway.%
\end{abstract}%



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