REFERENCES
1. Garden OA, Kidd L, Mexas AM, et al. ACVIM consensus statement on the
diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats. J
Vet Intern Med . 2019; 33: 313– 334. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15441
2. Glass NL, Donaldson GC. Development of primer sets designed for use
with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes.Appl Environ Microbiol . 1995; 61(4): 1323-1330.
doi:10.1128/aem.61.4.1323-1330.1995
3. Hong SB, Go SJ, Shin HD, Frisvad JC, Samson RA. Polyphasic taxonomy
of Aspergillus fumigatus and related species. Mycologia .
2005; 97(6): 1316-1329. doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.6.1316
4. Peterson SW, Vega FE, Posada F, Nagai C. Penicillium coffeae ,
a new endophytic species isolated from a coffee plant and its
phylogenetic relationship to P. fellutanum , P. thiersiiand P. brocae based on parsimony analysis of multilocus DNA
sequences. Mycologia . 2005; 97(3): 659-666.
doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.3.659
5. Guinea J, Sandoval-Denis M, Escribano P, Peláez T, Guarro J, Bouza E.Aspergillus citrinoterreus , a new species of section Terrei
isolated from samples of patients with nonhematological predisposing
conditions. Warnock DW, ed. J Clin Microbiol . 2015; 53(2):
611-617. doi:10.1128/jcm.03088-14
6. Nguyen LT, Schmidt HA, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ. IQ-TREE: A fast and
effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood
phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol . 2014; 32(1): 268-274.
doi:10.1093/molbev/msu300
7. Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, et al. MrBayes 3.2: Efficient
Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model
space. Syst Biol . 2012; 61(3): 539-542. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys029
8. Geyer, CJ. (1991). Markov Chain Monte Carlo Maximum Likelihood.
Interface Foundation of North America. Retrieved from the University of
Minnesota Digital Conservancy
9. Dedeaux A, Grooters A, Wakamatsu-Utsuki N, Taboada J. Opportunistic
fungal infections in small animals. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc . 2018;
54(6): 327-337. doi:10.5326/jaaha-ms-6768
10. McAtee BB, Cummings KJ, Cook AK, Lidbury JA, Heseltine JC, Willard
MD. Opportunistic invasive cutaneous fungal infections associated with
administration of cyclosporine to dogs with immune-mediated disease.J Vet Int Med . 2017; 31(6): 1724-1729. doi:10.1111/jvim.14824
11. Schultz RM, Johnson EG, Wisner ER, Brown NA, Byrne BA, Sykes JE.
Clinicopathologic and diagnostic imaging characteristics of systemic
aspergillosis in 30 dogs. J Vet Int Med . 2008; 22(4): 851-859.
doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0125.x
12. Baddley JW, Pappas PG, Smith AC, Moser SA. Epidemiology ofAspergillus terreus at a university hospital. J Clin
Microbiol . 2003; 41(12): 5525-5529.
doi:10.1128/jcm.41.12.5525-5529.2003
13. Lass-Florl C, Griff K, Mayr A, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of
infections due to Aspergillus terreus : 10-year single centre
experience. Br J Haematol . 2005; 131(2): 201-207.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05763.x
14. Blum G, Perkhofer S, Grif K, et al. A 1-year Aspergillus
terreus surveillance study at the University Hospital of Innsbruck:
molecular typing of environmental and clinical isolates. Clin
Microbiol Infect . 2008; 14(12): 1146-1151.
doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02099.x
15. Belda B, Petrovitch N, Mathews KG. Sinonasal aspergillosis: Outcome
after topical treatment in dogs with cribriform plate lysis. J Vet
Intern Med . 2018; 32(4): 1353-1358. doi:10.1111/jvim.15219
16. Herráez P, Rees C, Dunstan R. Invasive Phaeohyphomycosis caused byCurvularia species in a dog. Vet Pathol . 2001; 38(4):
456-459. doi:10.1354/vp.38-4-456
17. Grooters AM. Miscellaneous Fungal Diseases. In: Sykes JE.Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases . St. Louis, MO:
Elsevier/Saunders; 2014: 660–667.
18. Gannibal PB, Lawrence DP. Distribution of Alternaria species
among sections. 6. Species formerly assigned to genus Ulocladium .Mycotaxon . 2018; 133(2): 293-299. doi:10.5248/133.293
19. Hernández-Restrepo M, Bezerra JDP, Tan YP, et al. Re-evaluation ofMycoleptodiscus species and morphologically similar fungi.Persoonia . 2019; 42(1): 205-227. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2019.42.08
20. Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE. Fungal Skin Diseases. In: Muller
GH, Kirk RW, eds. Small Animal Dermatology . 6th ed. Philadelphia,
PA: WB Saunders; 2001: 379–381. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2019.42.08
21. Sykes, JE, et al. Greene’s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and
Cat . Elsevier, 2023.
22. Bennett PF, Talbot JJ, Martin P, Kidd SE, Makara M, Barrs VR. Long
term survival of a dog with disseminated Aspergillus deflectusinfection without definitive treatment. Med Mycol Case Rep . 2018; 22:1-3. doi:10.1016/j.mmcr.2018.07.002
23. Garcia RS, Wheat LJ, Cook AK, Kirsch EJ, Sykes JE. Sensitivity and
specificity of a blood and urine galactomannan antigen assay for
diagnosis of systemic aspergillosis in dogs. J Vet Int Med . 2012;
26(4): 911-919. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00935.x
24. Revankar SG, Patterson JE, Sutton DA, Pullen R, Rinaldi MG.
Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis: review of an emerging mycosis.Clin Infect Dis . 2002; 34(4): 467-476. doi:10.1086/338636
25. Swift I, Griffin A, Shipstone M. Successful treatment of
disseminated cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in a dog. Aust Vet J .
2006; 84(12): 431-435. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00068.x
26. Vaezi A, Fakhim H, Arastehfar A, et al. In vitro antifungal activity
of amphotericin B and 11 comparators against Aspergillus terreusspecies complex. Mycoses . 2017; 61(2): 134-142.
doi:10.1111/myc.12716
FIGURE 1: A) Cytopictograph from fine needle aspirate of digit 3: The
hyphae are irregularly septate, exhibited acute and perpendicular
branching and rarely exhibited large, round, bulbous ends that contained
fine green to black pigmentation. Wright Giemsa, 50x
B) Cytopictograph from pericardial effusion. Fungal hyphae exhibited
predominantly elongate septae with fewer short, cuboidal to rounded,
regular septation that were present centrally.; Wright Giemsa, 100x.
FIGURE 2: A) Digits 3 and 4 of the right forelimb showing an open lesion
and swelling of both digits. Localized Curvularia infection was
suspected to have been acquired traumatically as is most common in
veterinary patients. B) Thoracic cavity on necropsy contains
approximately 2 liters of serosanguinous fluid. The liver (left) is pale
and friable with an increased lobular pattern. C) Heart and pericardium
on necropsy examination. The epicardium of ventricles and auricles were
multifocally thickened and irregular with fibrous material and white to
tan pyogranulomatous nodules.
FIGURE 3. Heart: The pericardium is markedly thickened with severe
diffuse pyogranulomatous inflammation with multiple GMS (Grocott’s
Methenamine silver stain)-positive fungal hyphae (insert:Aspergillus citrinoterreus ).
FIGURE 4. Aspergillus citrinoterreus (UTHSCSA DI20-341). A-C.
Colonies on MEA, 7d at 25, 30 and 37 °C. D-E. Light micrographs of
vesicles and accessory conidia at 7d.
FIGURE 5. A maximum likelihood tree constructed from combined sequences
of partial BenA and CaM showing the relationship of
isolate UTHSCSA DI20-341 with representative species in theAspergillus section Terrei. Values at the nodes are Bayesian
posterior probability (BI) > 0.95 (right) and
bootstrap (BS) > 70% (left). Ex-type cultures are
marked with a T. Branches with double-bars are
truncated two-fold.
FIGURE 6. Maximum likelihood trees from sequences of individual genesBenA and CaM showing the relationship of isolate UTHSCSA
DI20-341 with representative species in the Aspergillus sectionTerrei . Values at the nodes are Bayesian posterior probability
(BI) > 0.95 (right) and bootstrap (BS)> 70% (left). Ex-type cultures are marked with aT. Branches with double-bars are truncated two-fold.