2.1 | Sample collection and transportation
A total of 143 fecal individual samples with different ages, sexes and altitudes of distribution were collected from different wild populations of Sichuan SNM (81 samples), Yunnan SNM (47 samples) and Myanmar SNM (15 samples) (Table S1). All fresh fecal matter were placed in 15ml of RNAlater immediately after defecation and transported to Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) with dry ice, then stored at -80℃ until DNA extraction.