Study region and experimental design
Canopy arthropods were collected from research plots (n =32) of the EFForTS (E cological and Socioeconomic F unctions of Tropical Lowland Rainfor est T ransformation S ystems) project in the lowlands of Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia (Supplementary Fig. S1; Drescher et al. 2016), a region dominated by smallholder cash crop agriculture (Clough et al. 2016). Eight 50 m ⨯ 50 m plots each were established in three of the most dominant agricultural land-use systems in Jambi Province, i.e. monocultures of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis ), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis ), and jungle rubber (rubber agroforest system in gradually degrading rainforest remnants; Rembold et al. 2017), as well as in lowland rainforest as control. The 32 research plots were located within and around two lowland rainforest reserves, i.e. the Bukit Duabelas National Park and the Harapan Rainforest, which are covered by degraded primary rainforest (Margono et al. 2014). The plots inside and near Bukit Duabelas National Park are referred to as belonging to the “Bukit Duabelas landscape”, while the research plots inside and near Harapan rainforest are affiliated to the “Harapan landscape” (Drescher et al. 2016).