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\begin{document}

\title{Effect of Solar Farms on Soil Erosion in Hilly Environments: A Modeling
Study from the Perspective of Hydrological Connectivity}



\author[1]{Hu Liu}%
\author[1]{Chuandong Wu}%
\author[2]{Yang Yu}%
\author[3]{Wenzhi Zhao}%
\author[4]{Jintao Liu}%
\author[5]{Hailong Yu}%
\author[6]{Yanli Zhuang}%
\author[7]{Omer Yetemen}%
\affil[1]{Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[2]{School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University}%
\affil[3]{Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute}%
\affil[4]{Hohai University}%
\affil[5]{School of Geography and Planning, Ningxia University}%
\affil[6]{Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[7]{Istanbul Technical University}%


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  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Compared to the growing number of utility-scale solar farms (USFs)
sitting in hilly regions, knowledge of the hydrological behaviors in
responding to the installation of USFs in these environments remains
limited. We present herein a novel model (the Solar-Farm model) to
understand the hydrological behaviors following the construction of a
USF in the Loess Hilly Region of China, by combining it with an index of
hydrological connectivity (HC). Scenarios were designed to estimate the
effects of climate and terrain in controlling the effects of the USF on
soil erosion, by altering the mean annual precipitation amount, the
frequency of precipitation events, and the relief amplitude. Our results
show that land use changes (e.g., vegetation removal) incurred a
considerable increase in the accumulative soil erosion (22.45\%-66.48\%)
during the installation period. During the 40-year deployment period,
photovoltaic panels (PVs) incurred an average of 0.138 m deeper erosion
in the USF compared with the background rate without PVs. A wetter
climate induced the highest increase (88.25\%) in erosion. However, the
relief amplitude and precipitation frequency are also confirmed as
important controlling factors for soil erosion (increased by 85.42\% and
58\%, respectively). The HC was increased during both the construction
(0.005-0.12) and operation periods (0.149-0.314). Correlation analysis
presented that the landscapes with higher HC were more likely to be
exposed to the risks of soil erosion. USFs could increase soil erosion
by increasing runoff and local HC, and higher background HC in turn
could further aggravate the effects of USFs on soil erosion.%
\end{abstract}%



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