MAUD diagnosis and symptom assessment
All subjects were interviewed by trained interviewers using the Chinese version of the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA). The SSADDA was used to assess a variety of psychiatric disorders, including MAUD 23, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-4); the Chinese version of SSADDA has good reliability and validity in diagnosing MA dependence (according to DSM-4 criteria) and MAUD (according to DSM-5 criteria)24, 25. We used the DSM-5 criteria in this study. In the MAUD section, the participants were asked whether they had ever had ever experienced paranoia, tolerance, or withdrawal. The data were scored using a computer algorithm to determine the presence of a lifetime diagnosis of MAUD according to DSM-5 criteria..
The Aggression Questionnaire developed by Buss and Perry was used to assess the level of aggression in participants with MAUD26; this scale assesses individual aggression characteristics in terms of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral traits and is widely used and is recognized as a standard tool worldwide. The 11-item Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS)-11 27 is used to assess the level of impulsivity in people with MAUD and is recognized as the standard tool for assessing impulsivity. For nearly 50 years, the BIS-11 has been the most widely cited impulsivity measure. In China, different scholars have translated and revised the BIS-11. In this study, we used the revised Chinese version of the BIS-11. The revised version kept the original items and the number of dimensions, and only revising only the language settings of the items28.