Figure 5. Ion-modulated memtransistors reconfigured as different parts of the neuromorphic vision systems. a) The drain current increases under a train of different amplitudes of gate pulses (from 0.2 V to 3.6 V, 100 ms width and 50 ms interval). b) The drain current at the end of the last stimuli pulse as regards the pulse amplitude, inset shows this relation can be harnessed in filtering image noises. c) The drain current at the end of the first stimuli pulse with respect to the pulse amplitude, inset shows this characteristic can be utilized in the nonlinear activation function. d) The schematic of fundamental neural network architecture, including filtering units, synapses and softplus neurons. e) The hardware systems based on the ion-modulated memtransistors. The different temporal scales of ion dynamics were utilized in different key parts of this neuromorphic vision system.