Figure 3. Orchard plot for the best multi-level meta-analytic (MLMA) model of the effects of environmental stressors on host fitness traits and infectivity. The model includes two factorial moderators: stressor type, coded as “endogenous environment” (EE), “chemical pollution” (CP), and “resource limitation” (RL), and response trait (“prevalence”, “intensity”, “fecundity” or “survivorship”). Negative effect sizes imply reduced fecundity, survivorship, infection prevalence, or intensity. Nodes in the same color show effects of the same stressor on the same category of the response variable (fitness or infectivity). The overall mean effect sizes (Hedge’s g) for each combination of stressor and response variable are shown as circles with black border lines. 95% confidence intervals are represented by the thick black bars, and prediction intervals are represented by the thin bars. The number of effects for each category (k) is given in parentheses. Circle size is proportional to effect size precision.