Q1: Fitness effects of stressors on infected and uninfected hosts
After confirming that pathogen infections in surveyed literature reduce host fitness (Fig. S2; Fig. S3; Table S1), we asked if effects of stressors on fitness are modulated by infection status (Q1). The lowest AICc model for Q1 included stressor type, response trait, and their interaction as moderators (Table S2). Our data, therefore, does not support differential effects of environmental stressors between infected and uninfected hosts (Fig. S4). The interaction between stressor type and response trait resulted primarily from a relatively strong negative effect of resource limitation on fecundity (Table S3; Fig. 2) and a relatively strong negative effect of endogenous environmental stressors on survivorship (Table S3; Fig. 2). Pollution also negatively affected survivorship (Table S3; Fig. 2), but this effect was contingent on results of low precision studies (see Evidence of publication bias). These contrasting effects of the three stressor types were qualitatively similar if the RVE was used instead of modeling sampling-error covariances (Fig. S5). Differences in effect sizes both within (I2 = 40.42%) and between (I2 = 53.41%) experiments contributed to relatively high total heterogeneity (I2 = 93.83%).