Between countries, some F_ST values were as high as 0.83, indicating strong genetic differentiation at the country level (Figure 3). Geographically proximal countries, that is, countries within a continent, and those that are in close proximity to one another, show less differentiation than those farther apart. One important pattern that emerges as we examine country-level variation is that South Asian countries (India, Pakistan, and Nepal) and Mongolia seem to be genetically similar (low F_ST values) compared to African countries. This same pattern does not seem to be apparent when other countries are compared to African countries. Non-significant F_ST values (“X” marks on the heatmap; Figure 3) were between populations that had three or fewer samples.